Horizontal Violence Experienced During Orientation in the Intensive Care Units Essay

Looking back at the literature review, evidences from several studies have shown how nurses over the past several years have continued a trend of horizontal violence that began decades ago. These nurses felt that to prove that before a novice nurse will be ready to enter the profession, there must be a test or rite of passage that they should pass and be able to get through. The said rite of passage was formerly practiced from one generation of nurses and passed it on to the next generation. This creates an atmosphere of bullying by condoning the practice of such rites or hazing practices that happen to novice nurses in return to prove their ability to perform in the pressure intense environment. Given the above premise, it is the purpose of this study to look into the novice nurse and the type of horizontal violence they may be experiencing in different types of intensive care units (ICU) during the orientation process. Through this study, there can be a validation of whether or not horizontal violence does occur in the ICU during nurse orientation. If it does, by looking at horizontal violence in various ICU’s, an understanding of such type of violence among new novice nurses may be developed. It is also the purpose of this study to provide the most accurate answers possible to this paper’s research questions. To reiterate, the questions are as follows: (1) While in orientation, do novice nurses experience horizontal violence in the ICU’s in a Midwestern magnet status hospital? ; (2) Is bullying present during the orientation process in the ICU? (3) Do the novice nurses experience sabotage while in orientation? ; and (4) Has the novice nurses experienced feeling like an outcast or have they experienced name-calling during their orientation in the cardiovascular ICU? One theory that stands out when discussions on the theoretical framework with regard to horizontal violence is Paulo Freire’s oppression theory. Theorist Paulo Freire first presented the oppression theory in 1972 when explaining the confl ict of the colonized African populations. This theory discusses the observance of the imbalance of power due to dominate and subordinate groups. The oppression theory discusses how two groups are involved and the dominate group maintains higher power than the subordinate group. The oppression occurs when the subordinate group’s culture is repressed by the dominant group. Due to the subordinate group feeling repressed, the subordinate group begins to act out their self-hatred on each other. By doing this, the values and beliefs that were held by the subordinate group are soon lost and self-hatred settles in. In 1983, Sandra Roberts, applied the oppression theory to nursing and argued that an â€Å"understanding of the dynamics underlying leadership of an oppressed group is an important strategy to develop more effective leaders in nursing to be successful. † (Bartholomew, 2006). Roberts noted that nursing had displayed the dominate group along with the subordinate group referring to the leadership in the nursing profession. The dominate group makes various decisions without respecting the values of the subordinate group the nurses working on the floor with the patients. Through this process, the subordinate group loses respect for the dominate groups value system and become oppressed with feelings of low self-esteem, self-hatred, and powerlessness. With the oppression theory there is a sub-subordinate group that feels the results of the oppression theory and this is the novice nurses being hired into the nursing profession. During the orientation phase the novice nurses fall into a subgroup resulting in oppression trying to bring the novice nurses through the rite of passage to be a nurse in the unit that the orientation is occurring. Organizations fashioned to be hierarchical have not fostered a culture of professional collegiality, nor have they advanced the role of nursing. Too often, nurses have acquiesced to a victim mentality that only facilitates a sense of powerlessness. Nurses have reported concern about the lack of action taken by supervisors in addressing horizontal violence in the workplace (Farrell, 1997; Stanley et al. , 2007). While not directly addressing bullying or horizontal violence, Kramer (1974) described the â€Å"reality shock† occurring for new graduates when they encountered differences in their perception of what nursing could be and the actual reality of the workplace. Kramer suggested that â€Å"reality shock† can manifest as hopelessness and dissatisfaction, which is a prelude to conflict in the workplace (p. ). Today, bullying is an international phenomenon not limited to the healthcare arena, and abuse can also occur between professions. The phrase â€Å"nurses eat their young,† has been used to describe the negative behaviors directed toward new nurses (Rowe & Sherlock, 2005). Griffin (2004) described the vulnerability of newly licensed nurses as they are socialized into the nursing workforce; lateral violence affected their perception of whether to remain in their current position. Sofield and Salmond (2003) found that primarily physicians, then patients, and patients’ families were responsible for most of the verbal abuse towards nurses. One-third of respondents expressed they would consider resignation in response to verbal abuse; it was concluded that nurses lacked the skills to deal with the verbal abuse and perceived themselves as powerless to change organizational response (Sofield & Salmond, 2003). Cox found the most frequent source of verbal abuse was physicians, and in descending order patients, families and peers, supervisors and subordinates (1991). The turn-over attributed to verbal abuse was 24 percent for staff nurses and 25 percent for nurse managers (Cox, 1991) Cook, Green and Topp (2001) found that perioperative nurses encountered verbal abuse by physicians. However, Rowe and Sherlock (2005) reported that nurses in particular were the most frequent source of verbal abuse towards other nurses. Patients’ families were the second most frequent source, followed by physicians and then patients (Rowe & Sherlock, 2005). In 2004, The Institute for Safe Medication Practices published a survey on workplace intimidation. Almost half of the 2,095 respondents, which included nurses, pharmacists and other providers, recalled being verbally abused when contacting physicians to question or clarify medication prescriptions; intimidation had played a role in either not questioning a concerning order or seeking ways not to directly confront the prescribers. While physicians and prescribers used intimidating behaviors, however they were not the only intimidating healthcare providers (Institute for Safe Medication Practices, 2004). In a hostile environment, communication is hindered and this can affect quality of care and patient safety (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 2002). Healthcare providers report intimidation does alter communication and negatively impacts patient care and safety (Institute for Safe Medication Practices, 2004). Healthcare professionals facing intimidation may sometimes choose to abdicate their advocacy role to avoid intimidating behaviors, impacting patient safety. The Institute for Safe Medication Practices survey (2004) revealed that more experienced nurses are more likely to encounter intimidating behaviors; differences in intimidating encounters were not appreciably different in terms of gender but females were more likely to ask another colleague to talk with the intimidator for them. The organization’s effectiveness in handling intimidation was viewed less favorably by those nurses and pharmacists with more years of practice in that facility (Institute for Safe Medication Practices, 2004). To add strength to this study, more literature that points to the ICU being one of the top places in the healthcare setting to be the venue for horizontal violence. Bullying in the medical setting is said to happen most of the time in the top three areas, i. e. , medical or surgical units, intensive care units (ICU) and the emergency department (ER). The occurrences of horizontal violence are lesser in the areas such as child health and maternal health areas, psychiatry and operating rooms. This is the result of findings such as those made by WHO. The World Health Organization has been showing concern with the horizontal violence happening in healthcare settings and has been aware of the problem becoming an epidemic already and has started to think of solutions by first producing guidelines in dealing with the violence when it happens. WHO touched on the patient to nurse type of violence as well and the effects it has on the emotions of the nurses. The results of the survey made by WHO also made a significant finding, that the highest rating for workplace violence was in the areas of highest acuity like the intensive care units. This made even stronger the need to find out the prevalence of horizontal violence in the ICU. With all the above literature taken from scholarly journals and books, it is quite apparent that horizontal violence is indeed present in the healthcare industry today. There are even some studies held that have proven its existence in the intensive care unit. Most of the studies made point to the new or novice nurses as the main victim, with other more superior nurses being their main predators. To get concrete evidence of its existence in the ICU during orientation in a Midwestern magnet status hospital and to get further evidence on horizontal violence in the ICU, a study about it based on a cross sectional non-experimental explanatory research model and the Likert Scale which will further be discussed in the next topics. Design  Novice nurses that have been in orientation in various types of ICU for the past three to six months were asked to participate in the survey. Those that participated were nurses that have attended orientation in any of the intensive care units, i. e. , surgical ICU, cardiovascular ICU, coronary ICU or general ICU. All these novice nurses were given the same survey questions in relation to understanding whether they have experienced horizontal violence while they were in orientation. With looking at several different ICUs, there are varying variables that are influenced. Firstly, each participating intensive care unit has different formats for their orientation process. There are also different educators for each of the ICUs and varying preceptors orienting each of the novice nurses. A cross sectional non-experimental explanatory research model will be used to conduct the survey of novice nurses in different types of ICU’s. The survey will be given to novice nurses that have been in orientation in the ICU’s for the past three to six months. Out of the novice, nurses that are surveyed there will be varying educational backgrounds along with different work experience. The common thread among the novice nurses will be that they are novice nurses in the area they are orienting in at the time the survey is administered. Strengths of this study will look at a cross section of the novice nurses in orientation in a Midwestern hospital to investigate the occurrences of horizontal violence during orientation. Due to the cross section, this study will also give illumination to the working relationship between novice nurses and expert nurses during orientation in the intensive care units. This study will provide a base for educational purposes on how to improve the relationships between the novice nurses and expert nurses during orientation in the intensive care units. Another benefit from the study, there will be a study that has looked at the type of horizontal violence that is occurring during the orientation process in the intensive care units. This will give the building blocks to educating the expert nurses in how to be more encouraging towards the novice nurses during the orientation process. The reason in using this non-experimental quantitative research model is due to the fact that many of the most vital variables of interest in this study are not manipulable. This is however not indicative of any less methodology employed. Many researchers actually make use of non-experimental research since it is highly descriptive and it allows effective communications in an interdisciplinary research environment. Non-experimental quantitative research is an essential area of research due to its many vital though non-manipulable independent variables that may need further study. Some known methodologists even say that non-experimental research (Kerlinger, 1986) is more important that experimental research in such as way that educational and social research problems may not lend themselves to experimentation but lend themselves to controlled inquiry that is of the non-experimental type. The mentioned characteristics of this kind of research model make it a good choice for this particular study.

Individual Moral Integrity In The Crucible Essay

Individual moral integrity and the lack thereof are illustrated by Arthur Miller in his play, The Crucible. The fear of witchcraft engulfs the Puritanical society thus creating a mob rule. The fate of the town depends upon the morals of its people. John Proctor and Reverend Hale are key players in condemning the Witch Trials; ruling the mob are Abigail, Judge Danforth, and their followers. Even though the trials were intended to end when Salem was cleansed of the alleged witchcraft, it remained the responsibility of the individual to ensure that the majority did not become completely overthrown by mass hysteria. The lack of moral integrity displayed by characters in the play causes a string of destructive events. Because of Reverend Paris’s sole concern of social acceptance and political power, the acts of Abigail and her followers go unpunished. This sends the town of Salem into a whirlwind of lies. A domino effect takes its toll as accusations multiply. Abigail, in the driver’s seat of the conspiracy, is granted a loyal following. This group lacks a respect for themselves and a respect for others. The townspeople and especially the girls caught dancing feed the mass conformity. As a result of blind conformity and weak morals, many friends and neighbors are cynically disowned and mercilessly executed. Judge Danforth, who is sentencing death upon many innocent victims, further illustrates a lack of individual moral integrity. He does not have the power to admit the mistakes he has made and admit the irrationality of the trials. â€Å"You will sign your name or it is no confession,† Danforth forcefully explains to John Proctor (142). Danforth will not budge even after Proctor has verbally admitted to â€Å"seeing the devil†. By this climactic point of the play, Reverend Hale has ended the alliance between himself and Danforth. He has now grasped the true motives behind the witch conspiracy. Hale, when he first enters the witch trials, believes all of it to be legitimate. He expresses a strong will in the hunt and a strong view of his morals. He is partially responsible for getting the entire cleansing proceedings under way. As the events of the town continue to pass, and the numbers of the accused continue to rise , Hale begins to reassess his opinion towards the trials. He objects to Judge Danforth, â€Å"We cannot blink  it any more. There is a prodigious fear of this court in the country† (98). Hale slowly begins his transformation from advocator to adversary. â€Å"Let you not mistake your duty as I mistook my own,† Hale says as he pleas with Goody Proctor in an effort to spare John Proctor’s life (132). It becomes clear to Hale the absurdity of the trials, and he is one of the first people to openly condemn the injustice. As a figure of authority, his opinion has a large impact on the public. In addition to Hale’s influence, John Proct or lets his moral integrity lead him in his reactions to the trials. Proctor is right in the heart of the tragedy. Because he is haunted by previous actions, a severe turn in the trials is needed to get him involved. After his wife is arrested for witchcraft, Proctor understands that he can no longer hide away on his farm. â€Å"Now Hell and Heaven grapple on our backs, and all our pretense is ripped away,† Proctor says to Mary Warren, while trying to convince her that they must go to the courts (80). He realizes the seriousness of the situation, and forfeits his own well being towards that of his wife. Still, it is ironic that Proctor has always viewed himself as one with low moral integrity. â€Å"My honesty is broke, Elizabeth; I am no good man,† says Proctor in his final conversation with his wife (136). However, the actions he takes in the finale are that of reverent nobility and moral integrity. His morals lead him to catch a glimpse of the big picture; he will not let the Salem witch trials conquer him as they did so many others. His decision to die an honest man frees him of the torment felt in his soul of being unfaithful to his wife and he can at last be at peace with himself. He lets it be known to the public, through his actions, that he has not had relations with the Devil, and that the witch hunt is completely in vain. In the play, The Crucible, individual moral integrity aids in the fortunate collapse of the insane Salem witch trials. John Proctor and Reverend Hale take a stand against the authority figures and let their morals shine through to the public eye. By proclaiming and bringing notice of the wrongs of society to the public, Proctor and Hale allow the mob rule to be stopped. Without the rebellious attitude of a certain few, more innocent victims would have been denied such fundamental rights as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Employment Law Essay

1. When can an employee’s religious belief qualify as a bona fide occupational qualification? Religious organizations are permitted to discriminate as long as the position relates to the promotion of the religion. Religious belief is considered a bona fide occupational qualification. For example, if a catholic church is looking for a clergy member. The Catholic Church would argue that only catholic could effectively practice and preach the tenants of their religion. 2. In the law firm of Milton, Madden & Herman (â€Å"MM&H), a request has been filled by two Sikhs to wear turbans. Although MM&H’s dress code does not speak to this issue, MM&H decides to prohibit this attire. How would you advise the Sikhs to proceed? Sikhs can argue that MM&H prohibited the turban which is part of his religion. The company can always accommodate his religious beliefs as long as Sikhs explain what his religious beliefs are and how they are being compromised by the employer because of the task at hand. Reasonable accommodation of a religious belief must be made by the employer if such accommodation does not compromise the rights of others does not require lots of cash. 3. Johnny Carlton attended the University of Lebanon while his father was stationed in the military in that country. When Kurt Munson review Carlton’s application for employment, he asks Carlton why he chose to attend college there. Carlton explains. When Carlton, who is qualified for the position, is subsequently denied, he reasons that Munson’s inquiry was determining factor. Carlton initiates a Title VII claim for national origin discrimination. Munson asserts that Carlton does not fall under that protected class. Is Carlton covered? Yes, Carlton is covered. Even though he  is not of national origin and not part of the protected class he attended a school or religious institution that is identified with people of a specific national origin. In this case Lebanon. Carlton can sue because the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act and the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 says that individuals are protected from discrimination based on national origin. 4. Harvey Jameson was recently terminated as comptroller at the age of 66 from Better Beef, Inc. His replacement is Tammy Parker, age 45. Because both he and his replacement are covered under the ADEA, Jameson is wondering whether he is precluded from suing. Harvey can go ahead and sue, but, he might not win this one because once he does initiate the case the employer must provide legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for the discharge. In this case, it seems that he was â€Å"let go† because of his performance. Then Harvey must prove that the employer’s reasoning was false and that the real reason was to discriminate. 5. Rita Hall has kidney failure and is forced to be on dialysis three times a week. She is a financial analyst for Bull and Bear. She is asking for three afternoons off each week. Hall is offering to work. Late two days and on Saturdays to make up the remaining time off. She does not believe this will adversely affect her duties. Bull and Bear refuses, claiming it is disruptive to the work environment. How would you advise Hall to proceed? For Rita Hall is more of revenue problem and not an age discrimination. The company can claim that to keep this employee would be not beneficial to the company in financial terms.

Human Biological Science (Pathogens and Disease) Coursework

Human Biological Science (Pathogens and Disease) - Coursework Example Also, in case of a cholera outbreak, cholera cases may be controlled through quarantine as stated under the Commonwealth Quarantine Act 1908. Contacts between infected and non - infected persons should be controlled by monitoring contacts for 5 days from the date of exposure. The environment around cholera victims should be controlled. This can be done through disinfection of clothes and beddings used by cholera patients, and terminal cleaning of the rooms occupied by cholera patients (Department of Health, Victoria, Australia, 2007). The rate at which it grows is dependent on the amount of available nutrients. If nutrients are not available, the fungus enters the log stage. In this stage, it degrades the keratin found in the stratum corneum forming the appropriate amino acids that provide nutrients for reproduction and growth. Once nutrients are available, it enters the stationary stage whereby degradation of keratin slows down. The trichophyton uses its enzymes, proteases in particular to degrade keratin cells and produce nutrients for its survival. To prevent and contain the spread of trichophyton, it is good to ensure that there is enough aeration to the feet, wearing of socks that absorb sweat away from the skin, avoid wearing of wet socks or sharing socks, avoid sharing of towels, drying the feet thoroughly after washing them, washing the feet habitually with water and soap and changing socks and shoes regularly (Department of Biology, Davidson College, 2007). Malaria is transmitted when a female anopheles mosquito takes in the plasmodium gametocytes from an infected person. After 8 – 35 days, the plasmodium develops into its infective form which is transmitted to another individual through a bite of the infected anopheles mosquito. The life cycle is divided into 4 stages that are; growth, development, transmission and reproduction. It is complex as it has varying phases, time length

Security for Credit Card Fraud in E-commerce Essay

Security for Credit Card Fraud in E-commerce - Essay Example It has provided the world with innovative modes of communication from one end of the globe to the other [7]. Another area which has witnessed ground-breaking revolution is the conception of e-commerce; an idea which would have seemed unattainable for a man in the past. E-commerce encapsulates the concept of buying and selling products online, which involves money transactions from around the world. Since these transactions are usually done through credit cards, therefore this raises a need to authenticate and verify the customers who are involved in purchasing goods online. Their location, personal information, and account information need to be verified so that the chances of fraud can be minimized [2]. There are over 1.2 billion internet users all over the world [14]; Cheskin Research & Studio Archetype/Sapient concludes some internet users pose threats and some pose opportunities [3]. One of the major threats prevailing in the modern age is the validity of the transactions that take place online [16]. This mistrust in business owners is the product of the thousands of fraud cases witnessed in the past and this has led the companies to deploy extreme security measures to tackle this threat [4]. The goal of e-commerce sites is as follows; one is to reduce the degree of fraudulent activities, try to lower the number of rejections for legitimate orders as much as possible and minimize the number of manual reviews of transactions which prove to be costly for the company [5]. From these three objectives, it can be seen that fraud is their topmost concern and due to this they spend a large part of their resources in overcoming this challenge. The mode of payment in e-commerce transactions is through ‘credit cards’; which have established more opportunities for businessmen but at the same time introduced new problems in the whole process of selling goods [10].  

Environmental effects on leukemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental effects on leukemia - Essay Example This is what will be dissertated in the following. Leukemia is clinically and pathologically split up in to its acute and chronic forms. The acute form of leukemia is characterized by the rapid growth of immature blood cells. â€Å"Acute forms of leukemia can occur in children and young adults.† (Wikipedia, 2006). If left untreated, this form of leukemia will cause the patient to die within months or even weeks. The chronic form of leukemia is different in that it is distinguished by the excessive buildup of relatively mature, but still abnormal, blood cells. â€Å"Chronic leukemia mostly occurs in older people, but can theoretically occur in any age group.† (Wikipedia, 2006). Effects of leukemia are things such as damage to the bone marrow, by way of displacing the normal marrow cells with increasing numbers of malignant cells; and easy bruising, excessive bleeding, and even the development of pinprick bleeds (or petechiae). Other related symptoms of leukemia include: fever, chills, and other flu-like symptoms; weakne ss and fatigue; loss of appetite and/or weight; swollen or bleeding gums; neurological symptoms (headache). The effects that the environment has on leukemia are many. Firstly, there are possible environmental causes in relation to the cause of childhood leukemia. Although not many agents have actually been officially documented as causes of leukemia, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, most researchers believe that â€Å"†¦it takes 2 or 3 ‘hits’ to the DNA in just the right places to turn a normal developing cell into a leukemia cell.† (Ped-Onc Resource Center, 2005). These ‘hits’ are considered to be either totally and completely random, or that perhaps they are due to causes or exposure to something in the environment. The effects of the environment in regards to leukemia is not only categorized with children, however. Our blood perfuses all of our body’s organs and can carry toxic

Current Issues in PR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Current Issues in PR - Essay Example The issue of water has emerged as a global, ethical and environmental issue which is primarily driven by economic. The modern age consumer is questioning the international connections, pollution and water usage. The environment and the economics of the operation is challenged by the consumer. The desire to make informed choice is inherent in any consumer choice, and hence one of the current issues in PR has been the awareness in relation to the ‘Bottled Water’ as in the recent years the consumption of bottled water has increased 200 times, which is remarkably substantial. the implications of countries effectively exporting their water in the forms of food, computers, clothing and cars. For example, Britons use on average about 150 litres per day. If you include embedded water that rises to 3400 litres a day. This illustrates the obvious need to look at the use of water right across the supply chain. Since agriculture uses most of the world’s fresh water resources, perhaps we should be calculating the â€Å"water footprint† of food as well as its â€Å"carbon footprint†.† http://www.developpement-durable.veolia.com/library/fr/standalone/publications/rapports-environnementaux/1802,Rapport-Resp.-Sociale-Veolia-Eau-UK.pdf For the Water Working Group at the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) to develop a mapping tool to help businesses assess their water footprints and use this data to assess the risks in relationship to the current and future availability of water. They have also indicated a need to develop also global governance platform to deal with changing water scenarios. There has been predictions, which lead to belief that in future water scarcity, may emerge as on of the most potent cause of conflict and war. A sound PR campaign needs to be developed, as so many people are impacted by it and it has grown substantially from 1970 raising its

Visual Effects Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Visual Effects - Assignment Example The principles of the visualization illustrate content focus. The visualization concentrates on illustrating how HAI is contracted. Data visualization 02 is studied through the common dash board mistakes of Stephen Few. The data arrangement is poor (Edward 93). This is because four bar graphs and one pie chart are squeezed in one slide page. This minimizes visual clarity. There is also poorly highlighting of the most important information. This is because a lot of information is illustrated in a single page, leading to confusion. Data visualization 03 is analyzed through the excel dashboards. Excel enables effective illustrating of statistical data through graphs, tables and charts (Edward 36). The top hashtags and top mentions are summarized accordingly through the bar graphs. However, illustrating a lot of visual information in one page is not desirable, as it may confuse the audience. The dog images are illustrated through the analytical designs principles. The two dog images illustrate a dog in a jumping motion. The first image illustrates the dog jumping into a water body. The second image shows the impact that the do has on the water surface due to the jumping

Music Course at the University of California Essay - 1

Music Course at the University of California - Essay Example I had also learned a lot from my experiences the need to maintain mutual respect and concern among the band members and to develop as part of a team and retaining one’s individual talents and identity at the same time. Though I have taken classes to learn the various musical instruments I play, my broad interest in different musical genres has also contributed towards the expertise that I have gained. I believe in the power of music that emerges through group efforts. Therefore, I had always been in the company of those who are passionately involved with music. The different experiences that we have had with music had been a binding force among us, and it eventually led to the formation of the jazz band. The suggestions and criticism from my colleagues have motivated me to strive for a better quality of playing the musical instruments, and I believe that I have achieved that goal with the help of constant training and practice. Now I can claim that I have reached the level of versatility that is expected of a seasoned band player but am aware that music is an art form which calls for an innovative spirit which is willing to keep learning more and more. This explains my interest in a systematic learning of music as a major in a well-reputed university. Though I have specialized in various musical instruments, I would like to explore the possibilities of learning more related instruments with dedication. However, my ambition is not just to master as many musical instruments as possible.

Madonna and child Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Madonna and child - Research Paper Example hild Jesus – the main characters in â€Å"Madonna and Child.† Except for Jesus, son of God the Father by Christian faith, there are no other gods and goddesses in the image. The scenery of Madonna, which translates to ‘Our Lady’, and her Christ Child provides relation to Catholic worship of Mary as a Virgin Mother or a woman handpicked by the Divine to conceive for a Holy Child, out of purity. Each of the persons in this biblical theme of Duccio’s work – identified as Mary and Jesus, are dressed in what appears to be a black silken garment and a customary tunic in peach and brown, respectively. Mary and Jesus are in a position where Mary, looking out as though to make contact with audience’s point of sight in calm sacred radiance, holds Jesus close to her bosom while Jesus warmly and innocently gazes at her with an iconic holy sign in the fingers of his right hand. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. â€Å"Madonna and Child – Duccio di Buoninsegna.† The Collection Online. 2000 – 2014. Web. 10 Nov 2014.

Brain development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brain development - Essay Example Nevertheless, resources for inhibition are constrained in most advancing regions of the world. The confrontation for this century is to endorse community leaders and government officials to take on the prevention of cognitive impairment as the leading priority for the community. This article proposes that specialists in child behavior and development work with agencies branching from of the United Nations to come up with a world cognitive impairment watch. This program should be able to evaluate and help every state yearly in terms of risk aspects, hindrance watches, and premature intercession programs2. b. The pandemic of neurodevelopmental invectives affecting kids and adults surpasses the sum of these issues3. This epidemic is cumulative due to the escalating population numbers, increased existence rates of kids surviving illnesses or circumstances that compromise brain development. c. More kids are surviving illnesses or disorders that interfere with brain development: This guide towards cognitive development of the kids’ brain, making prevention and therapy harder for specialists. e. The number of child behavior and advancement specialists in the United States is diminishing: Kids’ specialists are decreasing and the ratio for therapy decease, making these kids more vulnerable to develop with impaired brain maturity and cognitive mental conditions. The lack of kids’ psychologists and developmental pediatricians brings about petite realization of cognitive illnesses that affect kids in the early years of life. In turn, this induces risks of children growing with underdeveloped brains4. I chose this article because it analyses the causes of cognitive impairment with a special focus on third world states. This way, raising awareness of the dangers children with cognitive brain impairment would be simpler. The world needs to be aware of the risks these kids are growing up with5. This topic identifies any provided society acting as causes or findings

Business Research Essay Example for Free

Business Research Essay Our research is concerned with the different factors affecting revenue of fast food restaurant located in close proximity of educational institutions. The purpose of the research is to study how exactly consumers disposable income impact the fast food restaurants revenue. For conducting the research, the sample of data has been taken from students; teachers and administrators of two colleges say Bangalore Management Academy and CRM IMS. The results reveal that restaurants make much profit on school days and less profit when closed because the success of the restaurants depends on consumer’s disposable income. INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION A fast food is a food that can be cooked and served very quickly sold in restaurant. We noticed in the last decade, a growth of fast food restaurants in India as Indian eating-out habit has considerably increased. This phenomenon is also observed where we could daily see a flux of adolescent and youngest population and that places are nothing but nearby educational institutions. The targeted customers are mostly students, teachers, administrators and people located in close proximity to educational institutions and the aim of the restaurants owners is to make profit, maximize and sustain their revenue. However it exist a relationship between restaurant’s location, revenue, and consumers disposable income. PROBLEM STATEMENT Although, building a fast food nearby educational institutions is the most suitable way to get many customers and make more profit but this also can have bad side effect because it is not taking in consideration of some factors like consumer’s income, and schools days. HYPOTHESIS Variation of consumer’s disposable income impact the revenue of fast food restaurants located in close proximity of educational institutions. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This proposed research will determine the factors affecting educational institutions’ proximity fast food restaurants revenue. STATEMENT OF THE QUESTIONS What are the students and school administrators eating-out habits? What are their disposable incomes? How do their spend it? In what way consumer’s disposable income affects the educational institution proximity fast food’s revenue? SCOPE AND LIMITATION The scopes of this research are the fast food restaurants located in close proximity to educational institutions. The limitations of the research are the restaurants that are not reachable by the educational institutional members which are allowed to participate in the research. LITERATURE REVIEW LITERATURE REVIEW One of the rising businesses that have become a considerable phenomenon in India is fast food restaurant. Caused by Indian eating out habit that becoming very popular, fast food restaurants is also slated to growth approximately by 20% per year (Gaurav Marya, 2012). Fast foods business have been such that they continuously changing along with the time and life style changing and they get adapted to immigration, travel as well as socio-economic environment (Kittler and Sucher, 1995). However, in order to attract customers, fast food restaurants afford different foods at different prices according to consumer’s income and eating habit. The restaurateurs have a clear understanding of the customer’s perceptions (Sundaram et al. , 1997) as they create a special attention to the environment around schools where children and younger are vulnerable to repeated exposures (Kelly et al., 2008). Revenue is the most important in any business and restaurant industry face a challenge which is of sustaining their profitability. Kimes (2004) suggest that the elements that determine the potential of a restaurant’s revenue is the capacity directly related to the quality of service and configuration of tables. The customers’ satisfactions may be influenced by the effect that a particular restaurant gives back to him and their associate that perception to the type of restaurant (Noone et al. , 2007:233). However, the time of increase or decrease of revenue depends on the customer’s disposable income that goes in parallel way with the restaurants owners’ policy. If the customers perceive the policy unfair they may be reluctant (Mc Guire and Kimes, 2006:123). Few studies have shown a great success of restaurants businesses in this recently years. METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN The research will involve the role play by the consumer’s disposable income on restaurants revenue through constructed and structured questionnaire that we would give to restaurant’s owners and educational institutional members to fill out the needed data. The interview scheduled is comprised of two sections. 1 – Collection of information about consumers and their disposable income 2 – Accumulation of information regarding location and annual turnover of the business SAMPLING Our study will follow the multistage stratified method of sampling based on some criterion to select the person and restaurants to conduct the research. Educational institutions members will be divided into three groups: Students, Teachers and Administrators. The next sampling group will be the schools proximities fast food restaurants owners. DATA COLLECTION TOOLS The primary data sources used to collect data are structured questionnaires that will be submitted to students and owners of fast food restaurants located to close proximity educational institution and educational institution’s members. Along with questionnaires, interviews also will be conducted. The secondary data will be collected through various publications, newspapers, websites and magazines. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION. The research was conducted on variations of educational institutions close proximities restaurants’ revenues and these restaurants’ customers’ disposable income and their food habit. It was conducted in Bangalore city among restaurants owners and students, administrators of particular schools; therefore, it has been possible to collect data from a small sample keeping in mind limitations. The result has then been gathered through qualitative as well as quantitative data collections and analysis by questioning and interviewing restaurant’s owners and customers. At the end of the study, it seems that the rise of fast food restaurants number in close proximity to educational institutions is a method to attract more targeted customers in order to make more profit. This is attractive method goes along with the consumers eating-out habit and conditioned by the main factor which is consumer’s disposable income. The restaurants then depend on the consumer’s disposable income. When this income is low customers eat less food or low price foods so they spend less money and the restaurants revenue is less a this period. But in the case their income is much then customers eat much and revenue of the restaurants is high. The second factor is the school program. The restaurants owners should consider also the opening and closing program of the educational institutions near which they located their business. QUESTIONNAIRE QUESTIONNAIRE To the consumers Name 😠 You are? | | Male| | | Female| | How old are you? | | 15-20| | | 21-25| | | 26-35| | | 35 and above| | What is your occupation? | | School administrator| | | Teacher| | | Student| | Where do you live? | | On campus| | | Around campus| |. | Within walking distance| | | Far from campus| | What is your meal plan per day? | | 2| | | 3| | | Above 3| | | No meal plan| | Do you often eat out? | | Yes| | | No| | How do you often eat out? | | Never| | | Occasionally| | | 1 to 2 days a week| | | More than 2 days a week| | | Daily| | How do you often prepare your own meals during school weeks? | | Never| | | Occasionally| | | All the time| | What kind of restaurant do you eat at during school time? | | Fast food| | | Casual dining| | | Casual food| | What is your monthly disposable income? | | Less than 15000| | | 15000-20000| |. | 21000-35000| | | More than 35000| | What is the average amount of money you spend off campus every day? | | Rs. 20 50| | | Rs. 55 100| | | Above Rs. 100| | | I don’t spend money on campus| | INTERVIEWS INTERVIEWS With the students Interviewer: Hi, I am Bamba Adama, MBA student of Bangalore Management Academy; with your permission, I would like to conduct an interview with you for a business research purpose. The purpose of this interview is to look for different factors that affect your eating habit and you spend your disposable income according to your food habit. Interviewer: Can you tell me a little something about yourself? Student Interviewer: Where do you live? Do you live with family or alone? Student Interviewer: What do you enjoy eating daily? Why? Student Interviewer: Do you cook the foods yourself? Student: Interviewer: What do you enjoy eating daily? Why? Student Interviewer: Do you use to you eat different food outside precisely in one of the restaurants around campus? Why / why not? Student Interviewer: Is there any other reasons like foods prices? Student: Interviewer: How much around do you spend weekly by eating outside? Student Interviewer: Who provides you your income? I mean your pocket money? Student With Restaurant owner Interviewer: Hi, I am Bamba Adama, MBA student of Bangalore Management Academy; with your permission, I would like to conduct an interview with you for a business research purpose. The purpose of this interview is to look for different factors that affect your restaurant’s revenue according to your location. Interviewer: Can you tell me a little something about yourself and your business? Restaurant Owner Interviewer: What types of food do you cook? Restaurant Owner Interviewer: Were you located somewhere before? Restaurant Owner Interviewer: What motivated you to build your business at this particular location? Restaurant Owner Interviewer: Who are your main customers? Restaurant Owner Interviewer: At what period of time you get more customers? Restaurant Owner Interviewer: What is your revenue before and after this particular period of time? Restaurant Owner Interviewer: What is your approximate daily revenue at these particular times? Restaurant Owner.

Development of App for Gaming

Development of App for Gaming Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This section will demonstrate the after effects of distinctive devices utilized as a part of presentation, investigation and understanding of the outcome in assessment. Tables are likewise included in the section for effortlessly comprehension of the contrast between the current and the proposed programming. 1. Entities used in the proposed software An entity is a thing of enthusiasm to an association about which information is to be held. In a business for instance, substances would be things, for example, a client, a representative, or thing of stock. Each of these substances have what are portrayed as Attributes. Table 2 Input variables in the Main Menu Screen The table above shows the entities used in the proposed software. The proponent researched about the component of a game, this entities were all used by RPG games. 2. Design Consideration of Piratescape There are design considerations that are needed to be followed on building the Piratescape. Some of these are Algorithm, Data Structure, Architectural Design, and System Design. a. Algorithm Figure 4 Implementation of Touch Screen Based Application Algorithm The program shown in Figure 4 implements the Touch Screen Based Application Algorithm. In spite of the fact that this calculation it can distinguish the vicinity and area of a touch inside the presentation zone. Figure 5 Projection Matrix Algorithm The projection matrix algorithm was used on the software to show the Perspective on 3d world it is distance of object on the player’s character. Orthographic projection (or orthogonal projection) is a method for speaking to a three-dimensional protest in two measurements. It is a type of parallel projection, where all the projection lines are orthogonal to the projection plane, bringing about every plane of the scene showing up in relative change on the review surface. Figure 6 Mipmap Filtering Algorithm In 3D computer graphics, mipmaps are pre-calculated, enhanced grouping of surfaces that go with a principle surface, each of which is a continuously lower determination representation of the same picture. The tallness and width of every picture, or level, in the mipmap is a force of two littler than the past level. b. Data Structure Figure 7 Multi-Dimensional Array Array. It is utilized to indicate a variable that can be filed. One dimensional show is an organized gathering of segments that can be gotten to independently by indicating the position of a part with a solitary listed quality. The information of the same sort and same degree then its ideal to store it in a cluster. A show can hold any kind of information and can have multidimensional. For getting to components of cluster, list is generally utilized. Multi-dimensional clusters are typically spoken to consecutively segment approach on paper, and the terms of lines and segments are utilized as a part of registering. In Piratescape, multi-dimensional array is used for the assigning every value on index in Tile Map System. A typical tile map consists of a multi-dimensional array/matrix containing references to a tile object. Every index holds information such as the type of terrain, if it is possible to walk on it. Figure 8 Implementation of Multi-Dimensional Array in Coordinates Figure 5 shows the use of multi-dimensional array in coordinates. A common tile map consist of a multi-dimensional array/matrix containing references to a tile object. This tile article holds the data, for example, the sort of landscape, in the event that it is conceivable to stroll on it. c. Code Optimization Code optimization is a procedure where the projects source code is advanced for the projects execution and ease of use. Code optimization likewise includes the utilization of standards and calculations to program code with the objective of making it quicker, littler, more proficient, et cetera. Table 3 Quality Assurance Checklist Criteria Total Total (Yes) (No) Table 3 represents the result of the inspection from the white box testing. All the 11 classes and 73 methods on the Quality Assurance Checklist, have passed the inspections. These methods were written well and this is because the software was written with the knowledge of code optimization so the standards of the criteria were targeted immediately during the development of this program. Table 4 The table above shows the number of line of codes of all the each method within every class. Only the handle and together with the character render method has a long code because of directions given on its character movement and the accuracy of the d-pad to its movement. Table 5 Table ? presents the number of conditions that the methods contained within the program which all had minimum occurrences. Fault Density This is the number of faults or errors that are found and will be given a ratio from a certain number of codes. The program passed the criterion because the program’s codes were written with knowledge about quality assurance and code optimization, so there were post fixes upon coding before the white box testing was conducted. d. Architectural Design A UML (Unified Modeling Language) is utilized to indicate, envision, alter, build, and archive the antiques of an article situated programming concentrated framework being worked on. UML is utilized as a part of request to demonstrate the design outline of the proposed programming. Use-case Diagram. It gives a premise of correspondence between end-clients and engineers in the arranging of the product venture. The diagram below shows the use-case diagram of the Piratescape. Figure 9 Use-Case Diagram of Piratescape The researcher used a Use-Case Diagram to understand the flow of the program development. A Use-Case Diagram can portray the different types of users of a system and the various ways that they interact with the system. Activity Diagram. It demonstrates the stream of control that can be utilized as outline for investigation and rationale technique. Figure 10 Activity Diagram of Piratescape The researcher has provided the activity diagram for better understanding of the user. The figure activity diagram of Piratescape show the user will load the main menu and choose a button such as play, and exit button. Figure 10 shows that the user will load the main menu and can choose button such as start, and exit button. When the user chooses start button, it will proceed to the gameplay of Piratescape. In the exit game button which will allow the user to exit the game. Sequence Diagram. Is a sort of connection graph that indicates how techniques work with each other and in what request. Figure 11 Sequence Diagram of Piratescape Piratescape used Sequence Diagram also representing for software design. Sequence diagram shows how objects communicate with each other in terms of a sequence of messages. Class Diagram. Is a kind of static structure outline that portrays the structure of a framework by demonstrating the frameworks classes, their characteristics, operations (or systems), and the connections among items. Figure 12 Class Diagram of Piratescape The class diagram shown in figure 12 represents the PiratescapeRender class, MainMenu class, and Enemy class. All the classes that extend a class has the capability to access the methods in the extended class. 3. System Requirements in Implementing Piratescape Table 6 System Requirements Table 6 represents the minimum hardware requirements of the Piratescape to run on an Android mobile device. The respondents are recommended to use Android 4.4 as the operating system because it is the one used in the development of the software and at least 128mb of free memory from Phone Memory and Memory Card. The application requires a minimum of 64mb of free memory from Phone Memory together with Memory Card, also with Android 4.0 operating system. 4. Level of Acceptability of the software The researcher showed the result of the software in terms of Entertainment, Originality, and Gameplay. Table 7 Result of the Evaluated Software The proponent distributed evaluation forms to the game enthusiast on an internet cafà © named Netopia (Fairview Branch). With a weighted mean of 3 interpreted as Neutral was rated for the Entertainment of the Piratescape. The respondents that seen the software have been provided entertainment by the said software. In terms of Originality, a weighted mean of 3.5 which is interpreted as Neutral. The respondents saw the software’s concept have met the respondent’s satisfactory level. In terms of Gameplay, a weighted mean of 3.05 which interpreted as Neutral. The respondents saw the software is capable to provide an interesting and challenging gameplay. A total Weighted Mean of 3.183, the software was evaluated as Neutral remark was formulated according to the respondent’s answers. Chapter 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION This part condenses the significant discoveries, presents conclusions and proposal for the proposed system Piratescape. Summary This project entitled, â€Å"Piratescape†, was proposed in order to give an exciting mobile game using the trendiest mobile phone and operating system in market called Android. One major problem for developers and publishers of mobile games is describing a game in such detail that it gives the customer enough information to make a purchasing decision. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What are the input variables in developing this game, Piratescape? 2. What is the design considerations needed to develop a game in term of: a. Algorithm b. Data structure c. Architectural design; and d. Code optimization? 3. What are the hardware and software requirement in implementing the game, Piratescape 4. What are the levels of acceptability in term of Piratescape in terms of: a. Entertainment; b. Originality; and c. Gameplay? Constructive form of research was used in order to develop this project. The researcher provided an evaluation form to the respondents which serve as guide to evaluate the proposed software. Summary of Findings The details stated below are the summaries of findings based from the careful analysis of the gathered data: 1. Input Variables The specialist recognize the data variable that used to the product. A variable is utilized for putting away information. An information sort is doled out to a variable to focus the characterization of a specific kind of data. A good example is the attack and the movement buttons. 2. Design Considerations for the development of Piratescape The following are the design considerations of the Piratescape. a. Algorithm. The algorithms used by the researchers to create the proposed software are the Projection Matrix Algorithm which is also known as Perspective, on 3d world it is the distance of the object on the player’s character, Mipmap Filtering, it creates a lot of textures that depends on views, and the Minification, which reduces the size of the picture or textures. b. Data Structure. Multi-dimensional cluster is utilized as a part of a few sections of the system. Fundamentally, the analysts all the more frequently utilize this kind of cluster for better investigation in the most effective way. c. Architectural Design. It speaks to the general outline or structure of the created programming which is concerned with the primary parts of how the product functions. The researcher used Lucid Chart to present the Use-case, Activity, Sequence, and Class Diagram for the development of Piratescape. d. Code Optimization. Code enhancement is a methodology where the programs source code is streamlined for the programs execution and ease of use. A PC project may be advanced with the goal that it executes all the more quickly, or was equipped for working with less memory stockpiling or different assets. 3. The System Requirements for Piratescape The minimum Hardware Requirements are Smartphone with Touchscreen technology, RAM at least 512 and above, Memory Storage at least 128mb and above; together with the Software Requirements which is a Smartphone running on Android OS and Android OS Version 4.0 and above. 4. The Level of Acceptability of Piratescape The level of acceptability of the software is evaluated in terms of Entertainment, Originality, and Gameplay. The proponent conducted an evaluation to the Game Enthusiast and Game Experts. Conclusions Based from the analysis of the summary of findings, the following conclusions were depicted: In the field of mobile application, mobile games have been a huge contribution on our past time on our modern lives. The researcher developed a mobile application entitled â€Å"Piratescape† to share to the respondents and players to not just play, but to travel past time when you are on idle. Following a certain algorithm, data structure, code optimization, software design and architectural design can be very helpful in developing a system to avoid faulty down system design. In every program, data structure are needed for the researchers to have a better analysis in the most efficient way. Recommendation These were the recommendation for the researchers based on the summary of findings and conclusions. The developed software will be a good guide in future researchers in terms of mobile game development, provided that the mobile phones implementing the software have met the minimum and recommended system requirements. Future researchers are encouraged to enhance the developed software by adding some features and effects. Future researchers may improve the features by using wireless communication for multiplayer gaming. The more players can play at a time, the better.

Theories of Evolution and Intelligent Design

Theories of Evolution and Intelligent Design Humans have a profound longing to know their roots. In the broadest context, this longing expresses itself as a desire to understand how the universe itself came to exist, in a more particular framework, the origin of living things. Various models attempt to explain how life comes to be. These controversial issues settle on by two views. The evolutionists argue life evolved, while the proponents of intelligent design argue that life is a product of an intelligent cause. Then there are creationists who consider life to be created by a deity or deities. Nevertheless, creationism is not of importance because creationism focuses on defending the sacred texts, having no scientific evidence to how life comes to be. The contentious matter is whether intelligent design is science or not. As Charles Darwin wrote in the On the Origin of Species, â€Å"A fair result can be obtained only by fully stating and balancing the facts and arguments on both sides of each question.† Now, there seems to be a great deal of confusion among the society on what exactly evolution and intelligent design is. According to the online dictionary, evolution is the â€Å"change in the genetic composition of a population during successive generations, as a result of natural selection acting on the genetic variation.† Therefore, evolution is mainly a process occurring from one generation to the next, which results in heritable changes in a population. More accurately, evolution is any change in the â€Å"frequency of alleles within a gene pool† over succeeding generations. Like evolution, intelligent design is on the online dictionary too. The online dictionary states, intelligent design is, â€Å"the assertion or belief that physical and biological systems observed in the universe result from purposeful design by an intelligent being rather than from chance or undirected natural processes.† Thus, intelligent design argues that an intelligent cause rather than an undirected process best explain certain features of the universe. If an intelligent cause best explain certain features of the universe, then intelligent design supporters must agree that certain features are best explained by the evolution theory. Intelligent design supporters like Stephen Meyer say that intelligent design supporters are not against evolution per say. Evolution can mean change over time or common ancestry, which are not meanings of the term they dispute. They do challenge the â€Å"specific Darwinian ideal, that life is the result of a purely undirected process that merely mimics the powers of designing intelligence.† Charles Darwin’s theory is that all living things evolved from a simple organism over immeasurable generations. In addition to the countless generations, random mutations or changes in the traits and natural selection took place, with only the fittest of species surv iving and reproducing. As pointed out before, intelligent design supporters do not reject evolution, nor do they believe that the universe was created in six days. However, proponents of intelligent design do say an intelligent designer created life. Even though they are silent about the identity of the designer, most assume it the God of Christianity. Intelligent design proponents tend to stay away from defining design. Stephen Meyer, an intelligent design proponent says there are two features to what this intelligence is. Meyer quotes, â€Å"you can’t tell from the science alone the identity of the designer. It is like having a painting that was not signed. You can tell from the characteristic signature of intelligence, namely the presence of information, that some mind played a role, but we cannot tell from the science the identity.† Dr. Micheal Ruse, an evolutionist states â€Å"if a painting isn’t signed, a good art historian could look at the painting and say I think it’s a 13 century painting or this painting is an impressionist.† Proponents of intelligent design argue that even the simplest of living things have numerous complex and sophisticated structures that not even natural selection can produce. For that reason, how do you explain the complexity of design? The question that appears to be asked often is, â€Å"is the design of biology an illusion produced by a natural mechanism, namely natural selection that can mimic the power of designing intelligence or is the appearance of design, which all biologists recognize the product of actual intelligence, a mind not a material process.† Hence, proponents of intelligent design, in particular Michael Behe argue the challenge of irreducible complexity, suggesting the existence of an intelligent designer behind the purposeful structures of each living cell. Irreducible complexity implies a â€Å"single system composed of several well-matched, interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, were in the removal of any one of the part causes the sys tem to effectively cease functioning.† Michael Behe’s famous everyday example of an irreducibly complex system is a mousetrap. If one of the pieces of a mousetrap is unavailable, no longer will the mousetrap be effective. An irreducibly complex system is similar to this example. All the components have to be in place before you can catch a mouse or have a functioning system. Michael Behe considers an irreducibly complex system to be very difficult or highly unlikely to form by not only by numerous, successive modifications, but because any essential part could cease to function if a piece from the preceding generations was missing. Michael Behe supports his point how natural selection cannot clarify the complexity that is within a cell by acknowledging a quote Darwin said. â€Å"If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.† The nature of an irreducible complexity poses as a threat to the Darwinian theory because systems which are entirely working can then only natural selection be present. An example in a living cell is the scheme of how proteins are able to navigate to the precise destination where proteins carry out their â€Å"specialized tasks, such as digestion of nutrients and excretion of wastes. This constant, regulated traffic flow in the cell comprises another remarkably complex, irreducible system.† In order for a system to function fittingly, a system should no break down and the system’s parts should not break down. Kenneth R. Miller counters the argument of irreducible complexity; an intricate system cannot be produced by evolution. Kenneth Miller proves his disagreement by explaining the fault he sees in Michael Behe’s own example, the mousetrap. Michael Behe states how removing a part of the mousetrap causes it to stop functioning, but Kenneth Miller states that you may not have a mousetrap taking away certain pats, but you can have another fully functional machine. A mousetrap is composed of a base, a metal hammer, a spring, a catch and a metal bar. â€Å"Take away the catch and the metal bar, [there is] a functional paper clip. Take away the spring, and you have a two-part key chain. The point is that bits and pieces of supposedly irreducibly complex machines may have different, but still useful functions.† Kenneth R. Miller argues that Darwinian mechanisms could have arranged the numerous complex system that exists within living things. â€Å"Evolution produces complex bioch emical machines by copying, modifying, and combining proteins previously used for other functions.† Kenneth Miller uses again one of Michael Behe’s own example. As mentioned before, Michael Behe argues how an intelligent design is behind the complexity of how the proteins move from one â€Å"subcellular compartment† to another. The journal called Cell has an article where working researchers noted â€Å"these mechanisms suggest in a natural way how the many and diverse compartments in eukaryotic cells could have evolved in the first place.† Overall, intelligent design does not succeed with present any biochemical evidence. William A. Dembski makes another interesting intelligent design statement. Dembski draws attention to how neither chance nor necessity can explain the creation of the universe. The origin of all living things must have had help from a designing intelligence. Researchers receive a sufficient amount of random signal from space for plenty of years. Dembski states, â€Å"If a sequence lacks complexity, it could easily happen by chance.† In other word, if it is complex, it must have not occurred by chance or randomness. Therefore, researchers must infer an extraterrestrial intelligence is the source for such â€Å"complex, sequenced patterns† (random signals). â€Å"Intelligence leaves behind a characteristic trademark or signature [called] specified complexity.† Specified complexity is not similar to the term irreducible complexity. The both have different definitions. Specified complexity indicates that it is an event â€Å"if it is contingent and therefore not nec essary, if it is complex and therefore not easily repeatable by chance, and if it is specified in the sense of exhibiting an independently given pattern.† Slim chances of unlikely events to happen do not reduce chance. For instance, if you roll a dice for an adequate amount of time, you will be able to notice a â€Å"highly complex or improbably event.† Another appealing argument is that â€Å"specifications be objectively given and not just imposed on events after the fact.† For example, if a soccer player kicks a soccer ball onto the field and then we place the soccer net, â€Å"we impose a patter after the fact.† Alternatively, if the soccer net is â€Å"set up in advance (specified)† and then the soccer player shoots the ball into the net, â€Å"we know it was by design.† Robert T. Pennock presents his counterargument to Dembski argument. Pennock claims that proponents of intelligent design like Dembski do not provide the society with â€Å"positive evidence† and instead present us with â€Å"negative evidence.† Basically, â€Å"negative evidence† is evidence that an individual has not experienced by their five external senses, mainly if the whole thing is a phony. On the other hand, â€Å"positive evidence† is the opposite, where there is truth and evidence for the event that took place or for any science matter. Dembski did not present any examples from humans and therefore Pennock states â€Å"Dembski has no way to show that the genetic patterns are set up in advance or independently given.† A common argument creationists attack on is how the second law of thermodynamics doesn’t support evolution. Proponents of intelligent design make use of this argument by means of different approaches to the matter, but it all comes down to how â€Å"can evolutionary processes produce more complex life-forms from more primitive ones [if] evolution violates the second law of thermodynamics.† Pennock states that biological complexities are open systems and since the law applies to closed systems, which is why the second law does not pass the test of evolution. This is simply a misunderstanding of how intelligent design supporters are not able to apply the law to biological systems. Again, the entire hypothesis made by proponents of intelligent design does not provide any scientific evidence. Also, if the origin of the universe was created by a designing intelligence, is this hypothesis testable? Proponents of intelligent design make assumptions on what evolutionists have not yet to discover information or fully understand the cause and reason behind a finding. â€Å"There is no way to dust for [the designer’s] fingerprints.† Jonathan Wells, a proponent of intelligent design claims in fact Darwin’s theory in hard to believe considering that certain features of living things appear to be designed. Natural selection and random variation cannot explain Darwin’s theory of evolution. Wells uses Darwin’s own two examples, the finches and the four-winged fruit fly, to back up his statement. Darwin’s finches and the four-winged fruit fly prove his theory of evolution, but Wells uncovers that Darwin’s theory can only account for certain feature and not all features of living things. Generally, finches vary among the shape of their beaks and Darwin concluded that the shape of their beaks differed due to the assorted food the finches ate. In other words, the finches adapted through a variety of food, but evolved from a common ancestor and the undirected process, natural selection is the cause of such diverse collection of finches. Wells argue that natural selection can only account for the fact that it works within its species and not modify the anatomical structure. Wells agrees that DNA mutations allow certain advantageous variations like antibiotic resistance. Now evolutionists provide evidence of anatomical changes through the four-winged fruit fly, but the fly does not indeed provide proof. The wings that the fly seemed to acquire through mutation show that these wings are not only useless but also worse. Eugenie C. Scott, a well-known evolutionist responds to Jonathan Wells claim by stating that natural selection alone does not explain the features of living things. Besides natural selection, there is genetic drift, symbiosis, genetic recombination and gene flow and chromosomal rearrangement. Scott assures that Wells is sticking to the religious belief rather than the scientific explanation. Today, â€Å"modern genetic analysis† provides scientists with plenty of evidence that all species descended from a common ancestor. The Ultrabithorax (Ubx) complex is â€Å"found in animals as different as sponges, fruit flies, and mammals. They turn on or off the genes involved in body segmentation and the production of appendages such as antennae, legs, and wings.† This Ubx complex is the key to the evolution of body parts and counterargument to Wells claim of how Darwin’s theory does not explain anatomical change. â€Å"The loss of legs in snakes, the change from lobe fi ns to hands, and the origin of jaws in vertebrates† are just some of the examples that the Ubx complex is involved in. For over a decade there has been a controversial issue among school boards whether it is appropriate to teach scientific creation, recently intelligent design, in public school science classes. In 1996, Michael Behe’s Darwin’s Black Box helped emphasize that intelligent design as scientific rather than a religious viewpoint. Although Behe does not mention the name of the designer, the scientific community refuse to believe his arguments and claim it to be from personal incredulity. This book presented points on why the teaching of intelligent design should be included and attacked the teaching of evolution in public schools. â€Å"The 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover case put the calim that intelligent design was religion masquerading as science to the test.† Evolutionists know that Darwin’s theory has gaps and it is not perfect, but proponents of intelligent design. In conclusion, proponents of evolution and intelligent design dispute over whether life on earth evolved through natural mechanisms or produced by an intelligent cause. Each side brings up interesting arguments where neither side admits defeat. While evolutionists assert the community that intelligent design are more religious and philosophical, not scientific. They believe intelligent design has a link to creationism. Proponents of intelligent design claim evolutionists refuse to admit that life appears to look designed because in fact it really is designed. Even though evolutionists argue how intelligent design has no scientific evidence, proponents of intelligent design argue how there are peer-reviewed articles on intelligent design. The controversial issue in the Unites States of America is whether intelligent design should be taught in schools. Evolutionists say it’s acceptable to for students to learn about intelligent design, but not as a branch of biology. Proponents of intelligent design insist on teaching intelligent design in biology classes. There have been court cases due to this issue and the judge ruled out that intelligent design cannot be taught in schools. â€Å"It is pretty hard to find the right result to a controversial issue.†

Presentation on Anti-Malaria Mosquitoes Essay -- Powerpoint Presentatio

The Malaria Protozoan parasite, of the genus Plasmodium. There are two main types of Plasmodiumthat infect humans Plasmodium Falciparum Plasmodium Vivax Transmitted by female mosquitoes Develops in mosquito gut Migrates to salivary glands Transfers to other organisms through the saliva of the mosquito. The Mosquito A mosquito is an organism of the family Culicidae. The females require a blood meal to develop eggs. The mosquito vector for malaria is the mosquito genus Anopheles. Transfers Plasmodiumthrough saliva while feeding on blood. http://www.aaenvironment.com/Pictures/Mosquito.jpg Malaria, mosquitoes, and humans http://www.clongen.com/Plasmodium%20falciparum%20life%20cycle.gif A Mosquito-borne disease Malaria is widespread, and very common in parts of the Americas, Asia, and most of Africa. No vaccine available Only medicine is preventative drugs that must be taken continuously. If infected, there is some antimalarial medication available, most notably quinine. Some other preventative measures can be taken Mosquito netting Insecticides Draining standing water So, what is this â€Å"Anti-malaria mosquito?† An anti-malaria mosquito is a mosquito that is immune to malaria. This is good because The malaria will die inside the mosquito instead of continuing its life cycle. The mosquito will not be able to transmit the malaria to other organisms. There are multiple ideas of how to create such a mosquito. Transgenic mosquito Modified symbiont The transgenic mosquito A transgenic anti-malaria mosquito is a mosquito that has had a gene inserted to make it kill the malaria while it develops in the mosquito. There have been many genes tested, including ... ... the genus Asaia stably associate with Anopheles stephensi, an Asian malarial mosquito vector." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(2007): 9047-9051. Li, Chaoyang, Mauro Marrelli, Guiyan Yan, Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena. "Fitness of Transgenic Anopheles stephensi." Journal of Heredity 99(2008): 275-282. Favia, G. â€Å"Bacteria of the Genus Asaia: A Potential Paratransgenic Weapon Against Malaria† Transgenesis and the Management of Vector-Borne Disease 627(2008):49-59. Yoshida, S. "Bacteria expressing single-chain immunotoxin inhibit malaria parasite development in mosquitoes." Molecular and biochemical parasitology 113.1 (2001):89-96. Bibliography Ctd. Knols, B. "Transgenic mosquitoes and the fight against malaria: Managing technology push in a turbulent GMO world." The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 77.6, Suppl. S (2007):232-242.

Factors Contributing to Poverty Essay -- Essays on Poverty

Factors Contributing to Poverty There are many factors that aid the prevalence of poverty. Firstly, it is difficult to assess these causes because the word ‘poverty’ can be very subjective and difficult to define. In attempting to define what poverty is, one would suggest having a lack of income and resources not consistent with the requirements of the poverty line. Three factors that play major roles as causes of poverty would be having a lack of education, systemic discrimination, and inequities based on a capitalist system. This paper will look at ways in which these causes can be combated and at the same time evaluated in regards to it’s positive and negative aspects. Education has long been a problem in society, because the lack of this essential tool of survival doesn’t allow for growth of any sort. It is a known fact that the risk of poverty usually decreases as people get more schooling. Poor education can be either a cause of poverty or an effect. Young people who drop out of school may be poor because they lack the required skills needed to get good jobs, therefore adding to a system that forces them to only be able to live in low-income, economically starving areas. Moreover, education is a basic requirement in order to climb a hierarchy of income in our society, so uneducated people are forced to become content with their surroundings. Systemic discrimination can be said to be a form of institutional injustice that depends on this quiet oppression in order to maintain a history of past dominance. There are many types of barriers that are not openly blatant and are in place so that minorities don’t get the opportunity to overcome these obstacles. As a result, many minorities including women cannot overcome ranks in the workforce and are left with the lower paying jobs. Furthermore, legislation in the Canadian government helps provide a structure for these proceedings, for example laws that were passed as a result of affirmative action programs might be said to be unjust and unconstitutional. Canada operates under a capitalist system so it should really be no wonder as to why poverty really exists in this country. It is necessary to have poverty in order to support capitalism. Failure in our system would result in poverty and therefore this sadly, becomes an incentive to become exceedingly wealthy and rich... ...es. Poverty is a term that can be viewed from many different aspects when attempting to define this opinionated word. This is a major problem in Canada, and it is evident everytime you travel down-town and actually see poverty within just feet of the premier’s office. Even though the actual word may be difficult to define, there are endless causes of it. It doesn’t make sense that we condemn other forms of government that are base on equality and fair opportunity when our own system is based on ‘survival of the fittest’. In essence, it is really based on survival of who can control the most amount of resources first and maintain it. Regardless of our ineptitude to define this word, we do know that lack of education, systemic discrimination, and inequities based on a capitalist system will cause it. I personally believe that absolute poverty can never be solved regardless of what system one might live in. It is because of our form of government that politicians are afraid to implement policies that might not be fully developed when it’s time to call another election. We should battle poverty regardless of how it may effect the deficit in the short-term.

Suspects Need Their Miranda Rights Essays -- Argumentative, Persuasive

In criminal trials, a defendant’s confession often delivers evidence that is influential when it is the primary source of the prosecutor’s evidence. When a suspect is brought into police custody to obtain a confession or a statement, police officers are required to read the Miranda warning if they believe the confession will be used to convict the suspect. The constitutional basis for the Miranda warning and the conditions for a voluntary waiver of the Miranda rights were announced by the U.S. Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona. Miranda v. Arizona, announced June, 13 1966, resolved four separate criminal appeals concerning the role of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution in police interrogations of criminal suspects. An Arizona jury convicted Ernesto Miranda of kidnapping and rape after he signed a confession to the Phoenix detectives. Without a lawyer present, he was questioned by the police for two hours. Three other cases were given the same kind of treatment; Vignera v. New York; California v. Stewart; and Westover v. U.S. The California case had been by the California Supreme Court because there was no evidence that Stewart was told of his rights to counsel and his rights to remain silent. After the California ruling, the U.S Supreme Court declared that the convictions of Ernesto Miranda and the other two convicts as were overturned. In Miranda v. Arizona, the court ruled that any statements or confessions made from a police interrogation of a criminal suspect would be considered involuntary and inadmissible unless the police provided the suspect with four warnings: the right to remain silent; the intent to use the suspect’s statements against the suspect in court; the right to an attorney during questioning; and the... ...anda as an active set of guidelines; which should be continually transformed by the courts to reflect our changing ideas of the privilege against self-incrimination (Rushin, S). Works Cited Oberlander, L. B., & Goldstein, N. E. (2001). A review and update on the practice of evaluating Miranda comprehension. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 19(4), 453-471. doi:10.1002/bsl.453 Rushin, S. (2011). Rethinking Miranda: The Post-Arrest Right to Silence. California Law Review, 99(1), 151-178. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Seaborn, B., Andrews, J. F., & Martin, G. (2010). Deaf Adults and the Comprehension of Miranda.Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 10(2), 107-132. doi:10.1080/15228930903446732 Vernon, M., Raifman, L. J., & Greenberg, S. F. (1996). The Miranda Warnings and the Deaf Suspect.Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 14(1), 121-135. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Compare and Contrast the Spread of Islam Essay

Two of the most significant religions are Islam and Christianity, their spread has effected many places throughout the world. Throughout the years these religions have had substantial impact on the course of history. There are many things alike and different between the spread of Islam in Africa and the spread of Christianity in Europe. During the first two centuries of the existence of each religion there were fundamental differences between the expansion of Christianity and that of Islam, despite early similarities in the way they spread. Christianity existed several centuries prior to the birth of Islam, and by the time Muhammad founded Islam in the Middle East, Christianity had moved its center to Europe, where it had firmly established itself as the official religion. But Christianity originally sprouted in the Middle East after Christ’s resurrection in A.D. 30. The church began in Jerusalem and the surrounding area, and it initially preached the Gospel only to the Jews. It grew quite rapidly for a time—in fact, the book of Acts records the conversion of 3000 Jews in a single, extraordinary day. During this early period, however, Christianity did not expand far beyond Jerusalem and its vicinity. That would soon change. After the first few years of relative peace for the church, a terrible persecution broke out following the stoning of Stephen. Jewish leaders hunted down the followers of Jesus and threw them into prison. At this time many in the church scattered to the surrounding countryside of Judea and Samaria. Christianity’s worldwide expansion was beginning (Nosotro 1). When Islam was founded about 550 years later, around the beginning of the seventh century, its initial experience was strikingly similar to the early experience of the Christian church. In 610 A.D. Muhammad claimed that he received revelations from God that called him to preach a new religion called Islam. At first he began to do so secretly, but after three years he found the courage to proclaim his new faith publicly and gained a growing number of followers. However, his monotheistic message was not well received by many in his polytheistic city, where people were used to profiting from pagan pilgrims. As a result, the early Muslim converts faced persecution, just as the early Christians had. Islam’s growth was limited during this  time, and it did not spread far beyond Mecca. Eventually the harassment forced Muhammad to leave Mecca, so he fled to Medina. Here he gathered many converts who became his militant followers. As with the early Christian church, therefore, persecution caused the first significant spread of Islam (Goddard 128). The histories of Christian and Muslim expansion, however, lost much of their similarity after the points of their initial dispersions caused by persecution. Christians, for example, generally established new churches in cities, intending that the gospel would diffuse into the countryside from there. But this made the spread of Christianity during the first two centuries an essentially urban phenomenon, and it became an urban religion. In contrast, Arabia had very few cities, so Islam spread mostly through villages and rural areas. Another contrast was that the Christian church continued to face persecution throughout its first two centuries, and yet it continued to grow. On the other hand, persecution against Muslims had essentially ended by the time Muhammad died. Many such distinctions made the spread of Christianity and the spread of Islam extremely different (Hutchinson 122). Perhaps the most significant difference between the first two centuries of the expansion of Christianity and Islam was between the methods used to spread their messages. These methods stemmed from the beliefs of each religion. Their contrasting attitudes caused Christians and Muslims to go about conversion in different manners. During their first two centuries, Christians did not force their religion on others but relied on missionaries, preaching, and leading godly lives to draw people to the one true God. Muslims, on the other hand, did not rely solely on preaching to spread their faith—they turned also to the sword. While it is true that many did convert willingly to Islam, the Muslims also conquered vast areas of land in the Middle East and Northern Africa during the seventh and eighth centuries. When they attacked or occupied new territory, they gave its inhabitants three options: convert to Islam, pay a special tax, or die. Under these circumstances many chose to pay the tax, and many others chose to convert to Islam (Nosotro 1). The differing methods of expansion actually helped determine the area each religion would cover as it spread. Christians during the first two centuries traveled from city to city in the Roman Empire, taking advantage of the excellent Roman roads. As a result, the first two centuries saw the Gospel spread primarily in Roman territory, although it was also carried to some other areas, including Ethiopia and perhaps even India. By the year 200 A.D., Christian communities existed throughout the Middle East and Turkey, and there were several in Greece and Italy as well. Islam, however, spread from Saudi Arabia and conquered most of the Middle East and North Africa. Muslims even extended themselves into the Iberian Peninsula and pressed north, nearly reaching Paris before Charles Martel checked their advance by defeating them at the Battle of Tours in 732. Because Islam advanced by force, it met with hostility and resistance in Europe, where Christianity was already strong. But in other areas, such as Egypt and Syria, it was accepted readily by people who had been living under suppressive rule. As a result of its method of expansion Islam could not spread far north into Europe but remained in the territory south of Europe instead (Neander 224). Clearly, the first two centuries of Christian expansion differed greatly from Islam’s first two centuries of expansion, in spite of some early similarities. Although the spread of both religions was initially sparked by persecution, they went about spreading their messages in very different ways. As a result of Christianity’s reliance on missionaries, it spread primarily in the Roman Empire. Since Islam used force to expand its territory, it could not expand far into Europe because it met military opposition. Instead it engulfed most of the Middle East and North Africa. Even today the marks of Christianity and Islam can be seen in the areas where they first spread. After its first two centuries of expansion, Christianity eventually became the official religion of the Roman Empire, and it profoundly influenced the development of Europe and of the Americas. Islam still remains dominant in much of the Middle East and North Africa where it once created an empire (Nosotro 5) . In the beginning these two religions started on the same path of expansion.  But their expansions began to differ more and more throughout the years. The spread of Islam has greatly influenced Africa. Likewise, Christianity had a great influence on Europe. Both these religions have, and will continue to have, major effects throughout history. Work Cited Goddard, Hugh. Christians and Muslims. New York: Routledge, 1995. Hutchinson, Paul. The Spread of Christianity. Boston: Abingdon Press, 1922. Neander, Augustus. General History of the Christian Religion and Church. Boston: Crocker & Brewster, 1854. Nosotro, Rita. â€Å"The Spread of Christianity and Islam†. April 07, 2008 http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/comp/cw11christislamexpand.htm.

Huntingtons’s Concept and Its Applicability to the Contemporary World Essay

Introduction Globalization and the contract in the politics has entered a radical semi policy-making schema after the introduction warfare II and as such, it is has pinched the interest of political theorists who had hoped to re-define and predict the prospective outcomes of global politics. Among the different approaches, what had really attracted the attendance of the media and the interested crowd is Huntingtons plan on the impact of Civilizations theory.Huntingtons stereotypical claims and predictions regarding proximo outcomes of global relations had uncannily matched with that of the drastic event of the Al-Qaedas round off on September 11 on the Twin Towers. The event, which had caught global attention, is say to have been a direct pop-out from Huntingtons essay and that event was resultant of the collision surrounded by the differing cultures of the the Statesn superpower and the Muslims of Afghanistan. The heathenish conflict, albeit on global scale, would be the political pattern after the Cold War.The nous is, is Huntingtons concept still relevant with the current foreshorten of globalization? hither at that place is a basic conjecture that conflicts modernize from ethnic differences and it is on these differences which leave behind feed the upcoming antagonism among the different nations. Al-Qaedas attack may have been likely accidental and that his reasons were not purely ethnic as in Huntingtons theory. In the paper, there is an attempt to investigate the flaws of Huntingtons detrition of Civilizations when placed in the larger mount of globalization and international conflict.A positive understanding of his paper first must(prenominal) be placated followed by criticisms and the more(prenominal) apt(predicate) model that would fit the current trend for global political system. s The Clash of Civilizations is a theory proposed by political scientist Samuel P. Huntington in 1993 as a response to Fukuyamas book. Herein, Huntington expanded on the sack of global patterns after the Cold War from the economic to traditional whereby conflicts are more of culture hit.The globalization trend would purpose in the traditional cultural find and pull up stakes no longer be confounded on ideological clashes as in the philosophcal claims before. Huntingtons thesis is relatively simple to understand in the style that he had oversimplified and reduced everything It is my hypothesis that the perfect root of conflict in this overbold world lead not be to begin with ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating tooth root of conflict will be cultural. terra firma states will remain the most hefty actors in world affairs, but the lead conflicts of global politics will issue forth between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future. His basic premise is the culture clash as a primary source of conflict and he divided the formal into different ethnic groups representing the different civilizations, for each one embodying different religion African, Hindu, Western, Sinic, Orthodox, Islamic, Latin America and Japanese.From these different ethnic frontiers, will arise the future conflicts and he had cited the cases of India and Pakistan. What is most scare off of his perceptions is that the Superpower of America will present a decline and the shift will be on the combined powers of Sino-Islamic group. equally daunting is Huntingtons concept that what had render this antagonism is the purposive role of teology in the different civilizations, most particularly, that of the Islams.

Automobile and Porsche Essay

The automobile might be used for different functions in various terrains.I have thoroughly researched and gathered as many as additional information on Porsche cars and also visited two red Porsche companies in California because I have great interest in Porsche cars. Therefore, I feel deeds that I am credible source.Invention and history of Porsche new cars a. German cars are known to be a very good cars i.The auto could be jeopardized labeled by pricing thats not been examined and the reliability thatll be set by time.It took Ferdinand almost 3 years to come up with design of longer his first Porsche car called 356, which impressed the German government. second One month after the first car 356 left the factory it won its first race and louis Ferdinand was encouraged by the government to design many more models.Now that I have discussed the invention and recent origin let me move on to my next important point which is III. Models/Types of Porsche b.

Cars is going to be.Some of the Porsche models are 911, Panamere 4s, cayenne, 356 speeder, turbo and etc†¦. c. Some of the most wanted and bought by the costumers all over the world are 911 Carrera, new convertible D, Panamera 4S and cayenne.v.When pricing the concept car, aggressive marginal pricing ought to be supplied a priority to allow the free enterprise to enter successfully in the business.IV. Best features and personal Qualities of Porsche d. Best Transmission and small engines vi. Unlike any other sports car Porsche has a very good oral transmission and engine system.

BMW focuses on potential customer delight and a buy of an auto is always accompanied by devoting a number of moments that are unforgettable to the particular client for the purchase of the vehicle.Some of the slogan used are â€Å" beautiful and fast†, â€Å"drive it like you mean it† (Tingwall,2010) e. Comfortable for apply your spines ix. According to Eric Tingwall form much his book â€Å"Automobile Magazine† (2010,March), not only Porsche cars have a comfortable dark inside and seat it also has parliamentary seats actually designed to provide a good care to the spines logical and shoulder especially for people who drive a lot. x.Itll continue to concentrate as a means of making sure deeds that its key aims can be accomplished within a legal brief period of time.Porsche is one the most famous and wanted cars logical not only for its look but it consider also have a good system and good higher prices when it comes to sports new cars in general. Review 1. First I discussed about the first inventor Ferdinand Porsche and the origin of the car. wired And how it’s one the most amazing German car it is.

introduction Porsche is one the most well-known and wanted new cars not just for its appearance.How it is useful in so many ways. Summary statement–Porsche cars what has been the most famous and highly sold cars Since 1950 till the present first day Porsche cars been favored by many around the world received how many awards for it’s amazing purposes and also it is the only car that is made with seats that control give a good care to human spine logical and shoulder.ReferencesEasyStreet; Porsche gets into the business. (2002, December 16).Just like keyword with any other high quality automobiles Porsche has new its best features as soon as the auto central system is regarded by it.ezproxy. etsu. edu:2048/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA95667758&v=2.

Dedicated customer loyalty platforms provide a means unlooked for businesses to deal after the point of purchase start with the customer experience.In J. S. Baughman, V. Bondi, R.The domestic market is diversified and extremely competitive.Detroit: Gale. Retrieved from http://ic. galegroup. com.

The business is extremely aggressive.Mechanical Engineering-CIME, 113(5), 12.Retrieved extract from http://go. galegroup. com.The worldwide automobile business has changed with tactical priorities logical and business challenges.1&u=tel_a_etsul&it=r&p=ITOF&sw=w Tingwall, E. (2010, March). Porsche bookshelf. Automobile Magazine, 24(12), 57.

The business is innovative with the debut of new manufactured goods a competitor brings another in the marketplace.etsu. edu:2048/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA219684328&v=2. 1&u=tel_a_etsul&it=r&p=ITOF&sw=w Tingwall, E.Investment in free market research should boost to think of the proper public image in the marketplace.galegroup. com. ezproxy. etsu.