Marjorie Abortion Essay Example for Free

Marjorie Abortion EssayCulture is a distinctive way of sprightliness of people or groups . Culture is manifested in either told aspects of life which include norms and values such as age, language, gender and social values such as religion, marriage and rite of passage. Different cultural groups norms and values compargon and contrast from one cultural group to a nonher as shown in the table with a case study of western,African,Islamic,Hinduism and Chinese subtlety culture. Norms and values Comparison Contrast old age -In all the cultural groups one is considered of age of majority at 18 years. -The older command more respect from minors. -In western and Chinese culture,the old people are cared for in old age homes while in Africa Islamic,and Hindus culture, they sound with their families. -In western culture children have their rights about their life unless in Africa its dictated by their parents. Gender -In all cultural groups both gender are considered important in cont ributing to family life and economy in general. western and Chinese people gender have equal rights while African and Muslims men are superior and have more rights than women.Language -In all groups they use symbols verbal and non verbal to communicate which are either denotative or connotative. -Language is the main form of communication. -In western culture one language like English has a wide scope of usage. when it comes to Chinese people,almost every one natural in china knows Chinese language and in African language is very narrow and it have been borrowed heavily from other languages. Social values all this culture have established away of life with acceptable social values -In all culture marriage is considered important for companionship and procreation.Chinese benefit their values from Confucianism and taoism while in Islamic religion,they have developed their values around their religion. The western people have diversified social values depending with families and so ulfulness status where as the African values are continuously being westernized -In African culture marriage is only between couples of different sex but in western even same sex couples do marry -Hindus parent of the woman look for a prospective march a -Muslim and African men are polygamies Islamic.Rite of passage -Different stages of life for example birth, initiation and death are considered important and are marked with various ceremonies. -In western culture the practice are make in a special way such as in hospitals but in African they are done traditionally for example by diviners. -Hindus do bath and wrap their dead. -Muslim ensures that they bury their dead within the first day later on they die Religion all culture recognize recognize supernatural being and believe at that place is God and also recognize evil -Worship is in churches in western and are Christians.Africa it is in sacred areas for example, under a sacred tree -Muslims worship in mosques. -Hindus worship i n temples and pilgrimage and believe in many gods -Chinese goes to churches. Age influences learning as unfledged people are more able to study, understand and conceptualize than the older people. Also due to age barrier the young may be unable to learn certain issues such as leadership. Where there is gender discrimination for instance, a girl child is discriminated and are not accessed to education .Where there is gender equality there is tendency of competition thus improving learning process. Learning will be slow where there is language barrier or if language needs to be translated from one to the other, this hampers understanding and communication. Social values influence learning for instance in Africa, after initiation girls went for marriage while boys became warriors. This curtails continuity with education.ReferencesMarjorie Ebort,Margaret Gisler. (1999). career for culture lovers and other artsy types,McGraw-hill professional

Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous Essay Example for Free

Three Dialogues mingled with Hylas and Philonous EssayPhilonous, in Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, attacks Hylas arguments toward the distinction between primary and secondary qualities. The distinction between primary and secondary qualities is a peculiarity between qualities which depend for their outlastence on the proportion between an object and a perceptual device. An example of this would be smell and color, which has properties that an object has respectively of any perceiver.What objectively, with out bias, outlast and what merely subjectively exist? When something is clear and distinct it is true, and when it is non clear and distinct, like sensations that can be interpreted differently, it is false. Berkeley rejects this notion of primary and secondary quality distinction, which implies that material things exist independently of us.Philonous continues to argue against Hylas when he explains that sensible things are defined as those things that are immediately perceived therefore, eliminating mediated perception. He gives a side by case examination of sensible qualities such as heat and cold sound and colors. None of these qualities contain the ability of pleasure or pain independently because that is an cite we give it therefore we give it its existence. He rejects Hylas claim that heat is motion, and he also proclaims that color varies with light. Philonous reminds Hylas that causes of ideas are not immediately perceive, and thus are not perceived at all this makes them non- sensible things.Berkeley aimed to demonstrate that materialism is artificial because we have no reason to believe in the reality of mind self-directed material objects. He attempted to prove that we have no immediate perception of mind-independent material objects, so we have no source on which to embrace the existence of mind-independent material objects from our instant experience. One can not imagine of primary qualities in objects totally separa tely of their secondary qualities. Therefore, primary qualities must exist in the mind, just as secondary qualities do.

Should English Be The Global English Language Essay

Should face Be The global incline Langu time EssayToday, the world has shrunk to the size of a handheld electronic device. In nano assists we flock stream by dint of cyberspace and reach the other side of the earth. More and more, we be decent a internationalist economy, interdependent upon each other for flip-flop and commerce. That means interacting with masses in foreign lands we may never visit. It would only make sense that we all learn to communicate in superstar wording to save time and effort, to reduce the possible miscommunication diluted through translation, and to streamline transactions. But is it feasible, and if so, is it really the best course of action?The concept of a world- huge speech is hardly new. Throughout the centuries, to the conquerors went the spoils, which means they became economically superior. In say to trade with those in power, one had to chat their langu succession. Colonization became the norm, first base by Rome, hence Spain, then France, then England. That is how the US was settled. In the 19th and even into the 20th century, the side disquisition powers of Great Britain and the United States ruled the world of commerce, power and trade. twain World Wars were won largely due to the efforts of these allies. Though communism was on the rise at the end of World War II, inwardly forty long time it was no longer deemed a threat. Capitalism ruled, and so did the lyric poem of the capitalists side.The fact is this English is present worldwide and is spoken on every continent. As of 1995, it was deemed to be the official lyric in sixty countries and was prominent in twenty morei. Approximately 500 million to 1.8 billion people are estimated to speak English, or at to the lowest degree be able to successfully carry on a conversation in it according to an article by Debateopedia.iiDavid watch crystal estimated in his Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (1995) that the number of English as a se cond speech communication speakers (i.e. people who lived in a country where English was the assumed official language but non their native tongue) in the world equaled close to 98 million while those who spoke it as a foreign language was estimated to be, as low as 100 million and as high as 1,000 million.iiiSo, the concept that English should become the new global and internet language seems logical to many a(prenominal) people. But is it? Or is that an antiquated, narrow world view left over from the British colonization era that 2 globalization and Internet communication has begun to dissolve?In order to analyze this in a neutral light, it is necessary to look at both sides of the air and weigh it against the global economic and population trends of today and for the next forty or fifty years. It is, however, necessary to note that this article is originally written in English Americanized English, which many website providers today prefer to drop beca spend of its uni versal appeal. That being said, it is hard to take a breather totally unbiased.The Argument For English as a Global LanguageOne cannot argue that English has dominated many forms of literary expression in the last seventy years thanks to the silver screen, communicate and television. In literary works, from poetry to scientific research papers, English continues to be predominant if the author wishes his or her work to get international recognition, according to Mlitz (2004).ivHe narrates, in an internet article published by the Center for Economic Policy Research (CEPR),If you want to reach a world audience, issue in English those who strive to make a mark in their discipline strive to publish in English. By and large, the ones who stick to their home language English accepted of course have lower ambitions and do less significant work.vThe article goes on to state that with the advances in telecommunications in the last thirty years, the dominance of English in auditory and audiovisual entertainment has become farthermost greater than books.In 1960, English represented about a take out of the world publishing market, yet translations into English equaled about 50%, according to the CEPR. Twenty years later, while the share of English publishing had dropped to only 17%, translations still re main(prenominal)ed at or over 50%. If their facts are accurate, it shows English was, at that time, still the academically preferred language. This was written long before the entering of Kindle and I Pads which to date cannot yet handle the characters of Hebrew, Russian, Chinese, Japanese or Arabic and have limited downloadable options in French, Italian or Spanish. Whether or not these two inventions lead increase English domination of the written word or not remains to be seen.Still, English appears to be the most dominant language into which others are translated. If you want to reach the world, even on the web, your website leases to be in English. After all, English has been the official language of the UNO since 1945 as comfortably as NAFTA, NATO and other international trade and diplomatic organizations. It is the official language of the Council of Europe even though there are a total of eleven languages represented. In the Olympics, English shares dominance with French. Athletes are expected to know English in order to be interviewed by television reporters. English is the language of Microsoft, Coca-Cola, MacDonalds and Hollywood. English is the language of pop- cultivation, or tourism, of markets and trade, of the Internet.viIn a blog offered by Ronald Hilton of the Hoover Institution in Stanford, CA, Madhukar N. Goagte of India points out English is the language all pilots must use no matter what airport they are communicating with in which country. In international airports, in fact, all announcements are in three languages the universal throw symbols, the native tongue and in English if it is not the native tongue.viiD r. Ali S.M. Al-lssa states that English language teaching (ELT) has been a global activity and a large caper and industry for the past five decades or so. This has been concurrent with the international role English language has been playing on the world arena in the postcolonial/neocolonial age dominated by the USA.viiiHe goes on to reference his point by stating what Dua (1994) said, i.e. that British promotion of English as a second language was entirely in an effort to protect and promote capitalism, an effort that the US took over in the postwar era.ixDespite the rise of manufacturing in china, Mexico and elsewhere, the majority of commercial buyers remain those from the USA and other English speaking countries. Therefore, it is only natural to speak, advertise and trade in that language.One could argue, therefore, since the trend to make English the universal internet language is already established out of popular conduct and commercial dominance, it should be allowed to c ontinue. But will this al shipway be the case? Will the adjust in recent years of the European and American economic markets versus the rise of the Chinese markets tip the scales in favor of everyone learning Mandarin? Is it arrogant to state that reading and speaking English is the only way to achieve economic success on a global level?Barbara Wallraff (What Global Language, 2000) reported what an international information technology expert she interviewed named Michael Dertouzos relayed about the mood at a conference he attended in Taipei. Chinese traders were grousing about the fact they had to use English in order to make money on the Internet. Ten years later, they still do.The Argument Against The Tower of BabelThe ancient story of the Tower of Babel exists in the Torah, the Koran and the Bible. It tells of a time when all people spoke the same language and became so arrogant that they decided to build a tower up to God, in essence to become equals. As a lead, the tower was sent tumbling to the ground. As a punishment for this audacity, the people began babbling in dark languages. Since they could not intercommunicate, they were rendered powerless.Is the same thing happening today? Goethe is quoted to have said, Wer keine andreren Sprachen kennt, weiss nichts von seiner eigenen. (He who knows no other languages, knows nothing of his own.) Just because an American business person or tourer is monolingual, to assume that everyone else he meets should speak English borders on the same arrogance as the people of Babel, does it not?Over 70% of Europeans are at least bilingual. In fact, most of the world outside of the USA speaks more than one tongue. It is not uncommon for a country to have several native languages within its borders. Throughout history, as tribes and villages were conquered, the dominating victors language become predominant, but native tongues were not eliminated.The predominance of one universal language was first proposed as far back as 1887 by L.L. Zamenhof in his treatise on Esperanto. This was a language he created to facilitate international trade communications. It is a blending of many European found languages and is supposedly designed to be learned quickly. Over 120 years later, it is a viable international language and is spoken by many people, but because it has no culture attached to it, it is lifeless. It hasnt really grown in vocabulary. There are few idioms or colloquialisms. It lacks color and culture, which language is designed to express.Does English domination thwart the creative development of other cultures? Language is one of the cornerstones of a civilizations culture. The more you use that tongue, the more you become absorbed into the societys mores and customs. Even Mlitz does go onto argue that having English as the dominating factor, is as limiting as having all music written for a cello (English Language Dominance, 1999). Translations cannot collapse up all the idioms, nuances and b eauty of a language or the culture to which it belongs.Scholars such as Rasool (1999) agree. She sees language is a developmental feature of a culture.. . . people must be provided with the skills, knowledges and expertise to shape their own development priorities. Literacy defined within the framework of sustainable development would therefore include a great and critical knowledge base, an understanding of how societies function. . .xLanguage is the fabric that interweaves a culture together. To take that away and make one language a universal one would be want diluting a teaspoon of sugar in a gallon of water. The hint of the sweetness may remain, but it is not very noticeable. The result is a watered down version that loses its heart and soul. The flavor of the culture is absorbed and nearly disappears in the common denominator of a universal language.One may point out that is what the colonization mentality of the British empire was in essence all about, and American commerc e has become the offspring of that concept. Alistair Pennycook would be the first to agree. In his article, Development, Culture and Language (1999), he showed how parental demand for learning English can backfire Hong Kong has been a good example of this parental demand produced extensive schooling in English, which did not have an effect of giving people greater access to resources rather, it gave people an inadequate education both of and through their first language.xiParents want their children to succeed and have all the advantages they did not have. But, does that mean learning a new language and absorbing another culture? on with English comes Western culture, which has not always been proven to be a wonderful improvement. Japan is evidence of this. Obesity, once rare, is now rampant among younger Japanese who have developed a taste for hamburgers, chocolate candy, pizza and fries. Smoking related diseases continues to be on the rise. Acne plague the faces of the youth. A g eneration is being alienated as young Japanese in their twenties and thirties literally bow out of society unable to reconcile their thirst for Western ways with the traditions of their parents. Known as the dead children, they literally lock themselves away in their rooms for years on end. Depression and suicidal rates are escalating among this age group.Is English the Official Language in the US?Few people realize that the US federal government has never established an official language of the country, and only twenty-five out of the fifty states have.xiiPerhaps because the Founding Fathers all spoke English it was never considered an issue. However, today, that is not the case. According to the United States Census Bureau, amongst 1980-1990 the number of Spanish speaking people residing in the US rose by 50% and Chinese speakers grew by 98%.xiiiHispanics make up almost 1/3 of that population, and where as English is becoming the preferred language of the younger generations bor n there, many still claim it as a second language. Spanish is still the primary one of the home among a majority of Hispanics living in the US. It is estimated that 2.4 million Chinese now live in the US and most speak their native tongue as a first language. Add to that Koreans, Vietnamese, Japanese and Arabic nation immigrants, and this melting pot becomes more like a mixed salad. Everything blends, but little cross culture is absorbed. It is just saturated by the dressing called Americanism.Whats more, the trend is world-wide. David Graddol, of the English Company, a British based firm that deals in international commerce, has written extensively on this subject of English and its decline as a global language. He states, . . . the globalization of English isnt going to happen the way people expect it to.xivIn another paper called Decline of the Native Speaker(1999), he explains that the percentage of native English speaking people in the world will shrink dramatically by the year 2050 to 5%. Chinese Mandarin will be the primary language with 1,384million speakers. Hindu and Urdu will be the next most popular as will Arabic. English will run fourth or fifth, followed closely by Spanish.xvHowever, others like linguist K David Harrison believe English will continue to rise globally as more and more people become literate through the internet despite the fact it is declining as the primary language.xviYale linguist, Stephen Anderson, in the same AP article, pointed out that all over the world, being multilingual is more of the norm than the exception. Therefore, learning is English easier for them? Will that make English as a global language more doable?David Crystal, in Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language(1995), states that two thirds of the worlds children are multilingual, yet only 98 million know English as a second language. That would include children in the USA. Graddol puts the estimate even high(prenominal) to more than 350 million. It is h ard to tell because census questions do not necessarily ask that, nor are they conducted worldwide. The point is, English as a language is becoming less and less dominant, even in English speaking countries like England and the US. It is only a matter of time before knowing English will become less and less a necessity in the world market. Today, it is estimated that over 1.6 billion people are non-English speaking.Commerce and trade are the main factors in establishing the universality of a language, as Pennycook and Dua have expounded, as well as the main factor in governmental and educational dominance.Pennycook (1994) states In approximately way, it might be said that the English language class may be less about the spread of English than the spread of certain forms of culture and knowledge. . . through the very practices of English language teaching. (pp.178-179)xviiPhillipson (1990,1992) concurs. He says ELT (English language training) was seen as a means towards a political and economic goals, a means of securing ties of all kinds with Third World Countries. xviiiAs those countries continue to become rich off American and European commerce, will the balance of power shift? And if so, will the need to speak English topple as well?Surely, anyone who listens to the evening news realizes how precarious the economy is in the US and Europe. The Federal government now owes trillions of dollars to China alone, especially after the recent bailouts of banks and mortgage companies. The US is now beginning to feel the full wake of the economic tsunami of 9/11 and the military rejoinder to that attack. The more we become economically dependent on Asian loans and Arabic oil, the more diluted our dollar and possibly our global influence will become. span that with the population decline of native English speakers juxtaposed with the rise in Hispanic, Chinese and Arabic ones in so called English countries, and it seems the future remains wide one for determining whic h language, if any, will reign supreme.Will History Be Repeated?In conclusion, it seems that man has an instinctual desire to communicate. Whomever dominates is the one who speaks while others listen. In order to listen, they must learn the language. If international commerce, fueled by the internet, is to continue, there must be a common economical language in order to buy, parcel out and trade. Pictures may be better than a thousand wrangle, but words are an intricate part of deal making and economics, much less culture. If we are truly moving towards being a global culture, religion and society, then it follows that a global language is a natural development.At this point in our history, it is English. It is doubtful it will ever be Esperanto. Still, students of economics have longed learned that knowing a foreign language can be the key to higher salaries. Up until the mid1800s it was Latin, the language of science, medicine and culture. Then it became German. Next, especially after the world wars, it became popular to learn French. In the 1960s, particularly in the Southwestern US, Spanish became the language to learn. In the 1970s, it was Russian. When the USSR splintered, college and high school students began to clamor to learn Japanese. Today, Mandarin Chinese is on the rise as the language to master.Will visual pictures replace words? Will sign language become the universal, non verbal form of communication as more and more of us become visually orientated kinda of literate? Whatever the future is, one thing is for certain. If history serves as an example, man will always strive to regain the elusive power he lost centuries ago at the Tower of Babel.

ICT Security Issues And Concerns

ICT Security Issues And ConcernsICT security issues and concerns ar becoming more prevailing and increasingly complex as the pace of engineering science slaying continues to accelerate. How this phenomenon has affected the habitual sector and the private sector in our country. DiscussEach e- political sympathies vagabond has its own version of the framework, where elements within the four components may differ according to the individuals agencys business or technical needs. List and explain the function of the components.1.0 IntroductionICT is the technology needed for reading treat, in general, the utilisation of electronic computers, softw ar applications and talk bends to convert, retrieve, transmit, bidding, protect and store information from anytime, anywhere.Information and talks technology in like manner know as (ICT) it is the sectors that process information which includes capturing, transmitting, and displaying information using electronic systems. Information conversation technology sectors dont stop transforming our everyday life and economy. This sectors Core industries contain communication theory systems contain bountifulcasting, cable / broadband, telecommunications, and new(prenominal) syllabus that distributes the systems.Computer systems including, net engineering, robotics, electronics, technical support and computer engineering.Software and digital media contains profits security, web portals, web design, info management, computer animation, simulations, computer games, video games and computer programming.Information communication technology is the technology that needed for information processing such as for the creation, manipulation, storage, retrieval and communication of information. They are of immense value in a world in which there is an information explosion, and where knowledge is complex, ever-changing and cross-disciplinary in nature. Many of the skills of ICT are central aspects of Information Literacy, w hich relates to the might to select, organise, analyse and use information effectively. Quick and effective access to information is regarded as essential for everyone in contemporary society and the ability to construct knowledge from the information gathered has become crucial in Hong Kongs knowledge-based society. Citizens in the 21st century need to understand and be able to use ICT in order to function efficiently in modern society. To maintain the competitiveness of Hong Kong in the world economy, we need to develop interest and nurture genius in our students in this area.The importance of ICT does not lie in the technology as such, but in its enabling function for access to knowledge and for communication with others. Rapid advances in ICT have continued to drive economic change, restructure businesses, affect education and employment, and contribute significantly to growth and wealth creation.(NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA)2.0 dissolvent Question 1Ways severely harm your businesss effect2.1 VirusComputer viruses may be benign and result only in merriment or keen annoyance. The best known frameworks of such a virus are some versions of the Stoned virus which simply write Your computer is stoned on the monitor. Other viruses are more malignant and malicious, destroying or altering data. Once a virus is active in a host computer, the infection can spread rapidly throughout a network to other systems.A virus may attach itself to other programs and hide in them. Or it may infiltrate the computers operating system. All computer operating systems, (for example, MS- and PCDOS, Unix and Macintosh OS) are vulnerable, some more than others.Viruses enter computer systems from an external software source. unsloped as flowers are attractive to the bees that pollinate them, virus host programs are deliberately do attractive to victims. Often the attraction will be a new game made available for downloading from a computer bulletin board. Or it may be disguised as an executable file connected to an electronic mail message from a friend or business associate. Aside from viruses, there are other threats to user systems, including Worm and Logic Bombs.(McAFEE net income Security trouble)2.1.2 WormViruses are far from the only maverick programs that can disrupt a computer system. Worms are constructed to infiltrate genuine data processing programs and destroy or alter the data. Often what people believe is a virus infection is, in fact, a worm program. This is not as upright because worms do not replicate themselves. But the damage caused by a worm attack can be just as serious as a virus, especi every last(predicate)y if not discovered in time. For example, suppose a worm program instructs a banks computer to transfer lineages to an illicit account. The fund transfers may continue even after the worm is destroyed. However, once the worm invasion is discovered, recovery is much easier because there is only a single repeat of t he worm program to destroy since the replicating ability of the virus is absent. This capability may enable it to re-infect a system several times. A worm is similar to a benign tumour while a virus is like a malignant one.(NC STATE UNIVERSITY)2.1.3 Logic BombsWriting a logic bomb program is similar to creating a Trojan Horse. Both likewise have about the same ability to damage data, too. Logic bombs include a timing device so it will go by at a particular date and time. The Michelangelo virus is embedded in a logic bomb, for example. Other virus programs often include coding similar to that used in logic bombs, but the bombs can be very destructive on their own, even if they inadequacy the ability of the virus to reproduce. star logic bomb caused major problems in the Los Angeles water departments system.Logic bombs are usually timed to do maximum damage. That substance the logic bomb is a favoured device for revenge by disgruntled former employees who can set it to activate a fter they have left the company. One common trigger occurs when the dismissed employees name is deleted from payroll records. On one occasion, a student left a logic bomb timed to flip ones lid and wipe out his universitys records well after he had roll up his degree and was long gone. This example illustrates the pernicious nature of logic bombs which can be write literally decades before they explode.(Virus Removal Support)2.1.4 PhishingThe phishing is a common term for the creation and utilize by criminals of websites and e-mails, created to show people they come from well-known, trusted businesses and legitimate, government agencies and fiscal institutions attempt to gather personal, sensitive information and financial information. These criminals scam Internet users into disclosing their financial and bank information or other personal data for example passwords and usernames, or into unwittingly downloading malicious computer code onto their computers that can allow the cri minals subsequent access to those computers or the users financial accounts. Nowadays most people drug abuse reveal their book of facts card spot, password and bank account to just anyone, extra action need to be taken by the phishers to trick their victims into grownup up this information.Most of people trust automatic processes nowadays, believing them to be free from human error. However, many messages claim that a computerized audit or other automated process has revealed that something is amiss with the victims account. The victim is more likely to believe that someone has been trying to break into his account than believe that the computer doing the audit made a mistake.(HowStuffWorks, Inc )2.1.5 PharmingBesides, there is another threat called Pharming. Pharming means using technical means to redirect of an individual to an motherfucker entity, typically is Web site. Pharming collects personal information via redirecting Internet domain name of people requested to false W eb sites. The sites can collect the information and there may be used to collapse fraud and identity theft. For instance, an Internet user wishes to log in to his personal online banking account via the banking website, he/she is not really accessing the banks Web site if he/she was redirected to an illegitimate Web .Static domain name spoofing A person or entity, normally called Pharmer, who tricks Internet users into inadvertently visiting the pharming Web site with advantage of slight misspellings of the domain names. For instance, a pharmer may use maybnk.com instead of maybank.com to redirect user.(Websense, Inc.)2.1.6 HackerA pluger is someone who experts using electronics or computer systems and professional in programming. Hackers like to learn and explore how computer systems function and finding method to make them do what they do better, or do things they werent intended to do. Hacker is break down in two types which is White Hat and caustic HatWhite Hat These are con sidered the good guys and computer security experts. White hat cyber-terrorists do not use their hacking skills to hack other people computer or some illegal purposes. They normally help other users protect from the black hats.Black Hat These are considered the bad guys and they like to hack into other people computer to steal information such as deface websites, steal credit cards or hack bank. Black hat hackers like to use their hacking skills to do bad things for illegal purposes.A hacker can easily hack in the computer to steal information and look into the private things. The benign hacker is the person who likes to get into his/her own computer and understand how it works. The malicious hacker is the person who likes getting into other peoples systems. The benign hackers wish that the media would stop bad-mouthing all hackers and use the term attacker instead.(Introduction to Ethical Hacking)3.0 Answer Question 2E-Government equipment casualty used in this research are defin ed in this section to facilitate smooth and clear reading for all categories of readers. Some of the terms defined are e-Government, e-Government value chain and stakeholders, effective e-Government, and efficient e-Government.A flesh of definitions for e-Government have been offered in lively literature. Many terms such as digital government, inter-networked government (Tapscott, 1995) and government online has been used. The researcher deems all these terms to be synonymous. E-Government in simplest terms can be described as the use of ICT within government to make operations more efficient, improve quality of service and offer an easy access for citizens to government information and services (Kraemer and King, 2003). Kraemer also cited that Senators Lieberman and Thompson defined e-Government as a wayto better use IT advances to achieve greater effectiveness and to provide citizens easy, electronic access to government programs, services and information.(Axelsson, Karin, Linkp ing University)The term e-Government also refers to the planned and coordinated use of ICT to strengthen the core functions of public institutions. Not every computer in use in the public sector amounts to e-Government. When electronic data processing emerged on a more widespread basis, its initial focus was on isolated and targeted modernization efforts in a limited subroutine of make out sectors. Today, however, the focus is on the networking of workplaces, administrations, and political institutions as well as on Information and Communications Technology based communication with customers or citizens. This calls for concepts that are geared to integrating the modernization goals and investment planning of various institutions and based on a thorough examination and analysis of service portfolios and the demand for public services.The writ of execution of e-Government requires strong leadership and a vision. It also requires a comprehensive strategy that is not only benchmarked on global best practices, but also sensitive to existing political and economic conditions and realities. For E-Government to become a reality, governments, in consultation with stakeholders, should follow a common nationwide strategic framework, which articulates the governments vision, targets and milestones, technical set out and standards for e-Government systems. Such a framework should also address information privacy, security, maintenance, and interface standards.(Axelsson, Karin, Linkping University)3.1 Four main components of E-GovernmentAn implementation framework is designed to signal and manage the execution of the E-Government strategy. This framework is an adaptation of Accentures Business Integration Framework and can be broken down into four main components which are course Management, Technology, Process, and Strategy. Each E-Government project has its own version of the framework, where elements within the four components may differ according to the individual agencys business or technical needs.3.1.1 Programme ManagementThe Program manager of E-Government chooses an initiative to be implemented and establish the strategy and goals that is aimed at accomplishing through this initiative. Next, the government agency that would lead this initiative is identified and agree upon. The agreement or commitment gained from the chosen agency and governing body, acts as the green-light to go ahead with the implementation. With this, the project committee can begin to assess the policies that are dependent on the initiative. Policy amendments that are possibly postulate are highlighted.The framework is where all the planning processes are placed. A project plan will be planned and documented by the Program managers. Functional areas that will be targeted are identified. Critical success factors for this initiative are identified in order to maintain a focus on the objective and goals. Policies that were identified to be amended will be planned for according to relevant standards and regulations. new-fangled infrastructure that will be required are identified, planned for and scoped. With the policies in place, the program managers would now need to assess whether in-house skills and staffing resources are sufficient. Otherwise, alternatives such as short-run contracting and outsourcing would have to be selected. This is where procurement planning comes into place.(Roslind Kaur)3.1.2 TechnologyAlthough e-Government is often defined as online government or Internet-based government, many non-Internet based e-Government technologies can be named in this context, including telephone, fax, personal digital assistants (PDA), short messaging service (SMS), multimedia messaging service (MMS), and third-generation technology (3G), general packet radio service (GPRS), WiFi, global Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Bluetooth. Other technologies can include closed-circuit television (CCTV), tracking systems, radio-freq uency identification (RFID),road traffic management, biometric identification, and regulatory enforcement, smart cards, identity cards, and other communication applications, polling station technology (for non-online e-voting), television and radio-based delivery of government services, online chat, electronic mailing lists and newsgroup, online community facilities, email, and other messaging technologies.Other aspects of technology to be considered in the implementation of e-Government are enablement, interoperability such as the e-Government interoperability framework (e-GIF) and semantic web issues, legacy technology, and implications for software choices (open source or proprietary software, and suitable programming languages).(OOH KIM LEAN)3.1.3 ProcessIn contrast to traditional government processes, e-Government is characterized by extensive use of communication technology, the impersonal nature of the online environment and the ease of information can be collected (data-mini ng), processed and used by multiple parties (Warkentin, Gefen, Pavlou Rose, 2002). However, e-Government has the implicit uncertainty of using an open technological infrastructure for transaction via the newness of the communication medium interact with a government website. This would indirectly increase the spatial and temporal separation between citizens and government more uncertainty and concern about the reliability of the underlying Internet and related government infrastructure interfaces. As overall these unique differences increase uncertainty and reduce perception of citizen control, imposing a barrier to e-Government adoption.(OOH KIM LEAN)A number of research papers in e-Government were published in recent years to help practitioners to improve government service quality, responsiveness, convenience and accessibility to both citizens in urban and rural area. Their effort can be categorized into few issues (i) The concept, theories, history, structure, initiatives, pol icy, key principles, impact, challenges, and development success factors of e-Government (ii) The technology application, 13knowledge spillover, innovative efforts and approach to facilitate e-Government implementation and evaluation (iii) Management support or implementation strategies such as framework for managing the lifecycle of transactional e-Government services to facilitating the e-Government services. To provide more intuitive and maintainable lifecycle for electronic levy submission (one of the e-government service to citizens), government must overcome shortcoming happen during the lifecycle such as implicit knowledge, user interaction, code reusability, communication with back-end system, business reengineering required to upgrade to workflow flexibility and resolve security issue (Vassilakis, Laskaridis, Lepouras, Rouvas Georgiadis 2003) (iv) the assessment, measurement of e-Government services provided to public sector and its effects on economic, social benefits of the implementation (v) key factors affecting acceptance , expectation and usage intention of e-Government services.(OOH KIM LEAN)3.1.4 StrategyThe process of adopting advanced ICT solutions for the transformation of e-government faces many challenges. Due to the complex nature of these projects and the sheer number of stakeholders involved, effective visualization and management of such initiatives is highly critical but needs to be simple in order to accelerate understanding off and buy in into the framework. However it is important that the framework represent all important aspects of the e-government strategy. That said, despite years of governmental efforts to implement e-government initiatives, there are no commonly established methods and frameworks for the visualization of an overarching e-government strategy. A comprehensive framework needs to account for how the different supporting and impeding forces impacting projects being implemented as a part of such a strategy. Give n that such a framework will also have a long lifecycle and encompass a broad scope, the framework also needs to remain applicable regardless of changes in the environment. As most projects go through much iteration of technical and process changes, any changes within the ecosystem should not risk the validity of the strategy framework. Hence the framework needs to be adaptable to changing environments and should be defined in a technology neutral manner. Such an approach will also allow the framework to act as the bridge between decision makers and implementers, so reducing the mismatch between the expected versus realized outcomes.(Roslind Kaur)4.0 Conclusion and RecommendationIn my opinion, Information is the life wire of todays business organizations, institutions and industries. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) covers all advanced technologies in manipulating and communicating information. Information is an organized, meaningful and useful interpretation of dat a. However, Information and Communication Technologies is very important and much of benefit.Viruses are designed to grow and propagate. This means each and every contact between your system and any other system is an opportunity for infection. That can include floppy disks and contacts via modem (or other network connection). Be especially careful of users who frequently use a number of different systems outside your company. Hacker is also dangerous to all the computer users, a hacker can easily hack in the computer to steal information and look into the private thing.Governments around the world have pursed e-government programs seeking to electronically govern internal and external operations and to provide coherence between the various administrative government units so that they work to complement and complete each other. However, and despite the fact that many governments have injected substantial investments, most e-government initiatives in our view have not delivered the transformation environment sought from their implementation. This research assume was developed to support the United Arab Emirates in pursuing its objective towards e-government transformation. It presented an innovative framework developed from a government practitioners viewpoint and in light of the existing literature in the field. The recommended approach is an amalgamation of learnings from various e-governments initiatives across the globe.

DH-106 Comet Investigation

DH-106 Comet InvestigationThe Comet was the worlds stolon commercial message jet airliner flying double the speeds of propelling planes and blew the worlds mind with speed mannikin and disasters to come from flaws only engineers would notice. With three major accidents in just 2 years.1 Small tears would be found and the shape of the window and thin weighing machine would ultimately take the toll 2of these major accidents.1Introduction2Abstract3Table of contents4Introduction5 oscilloscope6Investigation7Finding and recommendations8The impact9The conclusion10SourcesThe DH-106 Comet was the worlds first commercial civilian airliner to hit the major mainstream and conquer the worlds attention. The plane had four ghost jet engines near the main body of the plain. The plain nearly doubled the average speed per hour to the fastest propeller plane on the market. This meant trips could be gnarly cut in half and allow for my rides per day, making aviation have a large interest to the rea lity and gained doubled the amount of passengers in just two years of its entry blowing out U.S business and shooting for the dream of making british planes world wide.De Havilland was founded in 1920 as british airways company and joined with Hawker Siddeley in 1964. Geoffrey De Havilland had pulled some money in with his friends and personal investments to seek out his dream of creating his own plane. The first production plane was the DH.18 and later theThe comet had faced three major accidents in just 2 years killing 99 people in total. The dates werewhitethorn 2nd 1953- flight 783 leaves calcutta Airport to Delhi flying as BOAC. The plain will only hold for for 6 transactions before being caught in a sever thunderstorm.the plain had only reached 7,500 feet before ripping apartJanuary 10th 1954- 781 will depart from ciampino airport. Leaving from rome. Captions would talk over the radio and right in mid sentence would be cut off, the plane would rip apart and all would die in t he plane.April 8 1954-left ciampino airport got about 40 minutes in the air at around 35,000 feet in the air before just ripping apart killing everyone.Planes were recovered by the british navy and put back together for research and better understanding of how the accident went down. Water testing would also be tested to see is the the pressure was the fount of these tragedies. While being tested new strongs would be tested such as cold working but would never be implemented for the commercial plane. Cold working is when you make metal extremely cold and then the metal is flattened to make it stronger similar a hay bale or bricks.While investigators were rebuilding the planes peace by peace they noticed there were large stress tears by the windows on top of the plane and on the passenger windows. Later on after the three accidents this would be taken into consideration and eventually windows would be shaped more oval rather than square.The material would be the next huge notice. Around the windows were rivets that held the window in place and the very thin metal frame. When the plane is pressurized the metal will contract and elaborate leading to stress fractures and eventually tears. So when the cabin is having pressure applied on both sides the metal would knuckle under and the plane would rip apart like a tissue and kill everyone in a giant fireball.Much stricter regulations were imposed for the industry implying that if any imperfections were implied that the plane be holdted till ready or replaced. Details were huge and everything is to be checked with what paint is used to down right the way wiring is stored. To engineering tech specialist are the ones who give this inspection. They look for loose wires, flat tires, chips in the paint or metal or any other imperfections.Details were looked over for interest of money and not totally understanding totaly what was going on with this new technology. When accidents happen planes were not properly investig ated not having proper fixes actually implied till a disaster had already been placed. Time to detail was the downfall of these disasters and if the engineers had payed more attention these accidents and implied there minds, they could have prevented set recorders of failure and set a safer name in the industry.

Deserving to Die Essay -- Article Review, Robert Lee

Robert Lee makes many arguments to argue justification of chief city punishment in his article, Deserving to Die. approximately of the stronger ones involve the hinderance effect of the use of the remainder penalty, why the cost of execution is so high, and how the use of the death penalty increases overall public safety. In Lees first argument, he argues that the use of capital punishment helps reduce overall crime by acting as a deterrent to crime. In at least one respect, capital punishment is unquestionably a deterrent, as Lee puts it, It simply cannot be contested that a killer, at once executed, is forever deterred from killing again (142). Of course, a deceased killer can never kill again, but the effect that death penalty has on others, probable future criminals, is the important question. Lee argues that whether or not it is a deterrent, relies on how swiftly and surely the death penalty is executed. The majority of people are dismayed of dying, and if they could choo se, would prefer not to die anytime soon. This proves how the death penalty can be a deterrent to other potential criminals to not kill someone, out of veneration that they will be put to death themselves. There have also been some circumstances where actual statistical evidence proves the deterrent effect of capital punishment. In the time since the Utah Supreme Court ruled in 1976 that capital punishment be legalized again in the state, there have been tether executions. After each of the executions, specifically the year after the executions took place, there were significant decreases in both the number and the rate of murders within the state, compared to previous year(s) (Lee 143). Lee himself does take that of course there are other variables that could have influence... ...bvious propositionse.g., that a heavy ball will fall faster if dropped from the Leaning Tower of Pisa than a light(a) one wouldare actually false (150). Freedman also lists some empirical statistics t hat further prove his point that it does not necessarily deter crime, including that, eighteen of the 20 states with the highest murder rates have and use the death penalty, and that, of the nations 20 big cities with the highest murder rates, 17 are in death penalty jurisdictions (151). He also points out, among other statistics and claims, that, while this deterrent effect of capital punishment is perhaps the single most studied issue in the social science, The results are as unanimous as scholarly studies can be in finding the death penalty not to be a deterrent (emphasis added) (151). These statistics mostly speak for themselves and are very surprising.

Essay --

Caste systems are a necessity in any world, and without hierarchies in that location would be no order and control. One can say that this hierarchy is usually accompanied by some form of oppression, because with one person having a higher level of power, such as in the organization vs. the people, there is always tyranny. In order for any society to run smoothly, there has to be domination, which is typically from the government. The basic stem of circle systems throughout the world is to divide human species into different groups based on physical or behavioral differences. The caste system originated in India and is about a hierarchical socioeconomic organization of society that evolved around Indias ancient civilizations, and later spread around the world, a modernistic way of life brought with it a need for governance and order, defense and conquest, learning and trade, laborers and artisans. Roles began to be defined and people were classified according to their function, occupation and economic position in society. (Caste System in India.Anand & Kulbir, 2009.) The Hindu system divided their people into different castes, which showed their levels of dominance as well as inequality. Much worry the caste systems in India, George Orwells 1984 and Aldous Huxleys Brave New World both portray human worthiness based on caste systems, a system which merely benefits the higher authorities within their communities. The totalitarian control in both Brave New World and 1984 can be seen through an oppressive government which controls and strips their people of rights to freedom and prosperity. In brave new World oppression is seen through the use of soma, a drug given to the people to help them lie with with life and the societal restrictions, the depr... ...(for father was not so much obscene aswith its connotation of something at one remove from the loathsomeness and moral obliquity of child-bearingmerely gross, a scatological since it rarely occurred ra ther than a pornographic impropriety) the comically smutty word relieved what had become a quite intolerable tension (Orwell.151) The word Father clearly had a huge affect on the witnesses because it was almost foreign in their everyday language. Overall some individualisation must be suppressed in order to insure stability and happiness in a society. Caste systems are also set up too provide organization and hierarchies, and when these two aspects of a community are practiced oppression is nearly inevitable. Brave New World, and 1984 both support the idea that the less fortunate are left to defend themselves in a world where meritocracy is strongly executed.